P: ISSN No. 2231-0045 RNI No.  UPBIL/2012/55438 VOL.- X , ISSUE- IV May  - 2022
E: ISSN No. 2349-9435 Periodic Research
Seasonal Variation Assessment of Ground Water in Atrauli Block, Aligarh, U.P.
Paper Id :  16210   Submission Date :  12/05/2022   Acceptance Date :  19/05/2022   Publication Date :  25/05/2022
This is an open-access research paper/article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
For verification of this paper, please visit on http://www.socialresearchfoundation.com/researchtimes.php#8
Dharmendra Pratap Singh
Research Scholar
Chemistry
S.V. College, Aligarh, Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University Agra
,Uttar Pradesh, India
Neerja Sharma
Head And Associate Professor
Chemistry
S.V. College, Aligarh, Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University Agra
U.P., India
Abstract The present study is aimed to investigate the physico-chemical parameters of the ground water in Atrauli Block of Aligarh District, U.P., India. This area is situated near Harduaganj Thermal Power Station. Various industries are also running in this area and agriculture is the main source of income of a number of villages. Various samples collected from the study sites and characterized for major physico-chemical parameters (pH, total hardness, alkalinity, total dissolved solids, fluorides, and turbidity) to stablished the quality of water to use for drinking, irrigation and other purposes.
Keywords Quality Assessment, Ground Water at Atrauli Block, Physico-chemical, Parameters of Ground Water.
Introduction
Water is an essential part of human life to survive on earth. According to the WHO reports, most of the Indians are consuming water without any safe access (Sexenal and Mishra, 2011). Everyone depends upon it for drinking, food production, industrial perpose, as well as cultural requirement (Kalra et al., 2012). The modern situation is that of water misuse, which reasons shortages and quality degradation, and impairs water availability for activity, amongst other functions (Khan et al 2021). As the report of WHO organization, about 80% of all the human diseases are caused by consuming unsafe water (Rao et al., 2013). In the urban and rural areas ground water is the most suitable fresh water resource for consumption. Our society cannot be ignored the importance of ground water.
Aim of study In the present work, here it is always need and concern over ground water protection and management quality. Thus, in this case paper made experimental effort physico-chemical properties of ground water.
Review of Literature

In every state of India more than 90% population survives on river and ground water for drinking and other purposes (Ramachandraiah, 2004). Agricultural and industrial sector are also frequently used the ground water and river water (Reza and Singh, 2009). Many research stated that using polluted water for irrigation functions has impacted with negative impact on agricultural sectors because of the adjustments in physicochemical properties (Ofori et al 2021). Water sources are beneath severe threats from pollutants generated by way of human interventions and beside the point agricultural drainage from rivers (Jin et al., 2020). 

Many a time, higher mineral contents come through the ground water because it flows slowly and longer time of contact with sediment materials (Shahnawaz and Singh, 2009). Contamination can considerably alternate the chemical properties of water, compromising the general balance of the machine, inflicting economic losses, and making its consumption impractical (Shilva et al 2020).

Densely populated and thickly industrialized areas have more acute problems of water quality (Patil and Patil, 2010). Now the growth of urban areas and industrialization has affected the water quality due to overutilization of resources and improper dumping of waste disposal practices.
Methodology
During the study, sampling became accomplished at Barhaul-tube well (S1), upper primary school Mohsanpur-hand pump (S2), Prachin Shiv mandir Shankarbag- hand pump (S3), Near City convent Sec School- hand pump (S4), Fire Station- hand pump (S5), Block Office- hand pump (S6), Civil Court- hand pump (S7), Narauna Akapur- hand pump (S8), Near Wave Distilliers and breweries Ltd- hand pump (S9), Sadhu Asram- hand pump (S10) for sampling plastic bottles had been used. Before sampling, bottle had been shaked in HCl and rinsed with conductive water. The sampling bottles have been tightly sealed with their caps. For sampling, the bottles had been rinsed 2 to 3 times for the sample to be tested then after samples were collected in pre and post monsoon from specific sites. All samples are accrued from drinking water sources, located in special sites. The complete information has been recorded approximately the supply and the circumstance beneath which the samples are gathered.
Sampling

Study Area

Aligarh district is the part of central Ganga a state plain covering an area of ​​5498 square mile and is in the middle of the North latitudes 27°53′ and 28°53′ and East length 78°4′ and 78°36′. The region is bounded by the Ganga River to the west once on the river Yamuna to the east. Aligarh District is officially divided into 12 blocks namely (i) Atrauli (ii) Bijouli (iii) Jawan (iv) Khair (v) Lodha (vi) Dhanipur (vii) Akrabad (viii) Iglas (ix) Gonda (x) Tappal (xi) Chandaus and (xii) Gangeri. Here the study is belonging to Atrauli block. This is the eastern side of Aligarh district.

 

 

Map of Atrauli Block in Aligarh District
Result and Discussion

pH
The ground water is usually alkaline in nature due to presence of bicarbonates and carbonates ions. When the pH is not within the permissible limit, it causes damage to the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, stomach and eyes in humans (Ramesh and Soorya, 2012).The pH values are the alkaline or acidic environment of water. The pH of water samples in our study region ranges from 7-7.9 in pre monsoon and from 5.8-7.8 in post monsoon. Good within the standard limits of 6.5- 8.5. but the pre monsoon season the range is near to limits. 

Total Dissolve Solids
Total soluble concentrations (TDS) of the sample area are found within WHO approved limits (500-2000 mg/L). The graphical representation shows that the TDS study values ​​were between 745-1200 mg/L in pre monsoon and 600- 905 mg/L in post monsoon.
 

Turbidity
The turbidity values ​​in the current study are found to be between 1-4.5 NTU in pre monsoon and 1-2.6 NTU in post monsoon. Standard values ​​are between 1-5 NTU, so current research rates are found within the permissible limits.
 
Total Hardness
Hardness is the property of water which prevents the lather formation with soap and increases the boiling point of water (Patil and Patil, 2010). Hardness does not have health effects but it can make the water unsuitable for domestic and industrial use. Total Hardness of water is under the present investigation fron 345 to 610 mg/L in pre monsoon and from 305 to 580 mg/L in post monsoon.
 

 
Total Alkalinity
The total alkalinity is found to be in the range of 310-598 mg/L in pre monsoon 290-580 mg/L in post monsoon in ground water samples that are shown in graph. They are found to be within the standard values of 200- 600 mg/L on comparison.
 

Electrical Conductivity
Electrical conductivity is an assessment of the ability of an aqueous solution to carry energy based on the presence and full concentration of ions, their mobility and equilibrium and temperature. It is important to measure the amount of ions dissolved in ground water. It is a useful tool for checking the purity of water. EC values ​​for all samples ranged from 850-1065 μS/cm in pre monsoon from 808 μS/cm to 1081 μS/cm in post monsoon.
 

Nitrate
Nitrate is a type of nitrogen oxidizable and occurs in small amounts in surface water but may get high levels of certain groundwater and is toxic if found in too much drinking water. Nitrate is often derived from industrial, agricultural chemicals and fertilizers. The most common source of nitrate concentrations is caused by animals and human waste disposal practices and the use of agricultural fertilizers. Nitrate concentration, in these water samples range from 20-45 mg/L in pre mosoon from 10 mg/L-35 mg/L in post monsoon. 

Fluoride
Most groundwater samples have a low or acceptable level of fluoride (1.0 mg/L) according to BIS recommendations (2012). However, some major subterranean states have high concentrations that cause significant health problems. Presence high fluoride levels are associated with dental fluorosis and bone marrow (> 1.5 mg/L) and insufficient amounts of dental caries (<1 mg/L). All samples have a concentration of Fluoride concentration below 1.4 mg/L in pre and post monsoon, available between 1.0 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L. This indicates that water is recommended for drinking in relation to Fluoride. 
 
Sulphate
Sulphate concentration from 25 mg/L to 65 mg/L in pre and post monsoon for most samples falls below the 200 mg/L threshold value recommended by the BIS (2012) drinking water guidelines. And all values are according to the BIS limit. With BIS acceptable at 200 mg/L in high samples reading were 65 mg/L and a minimum of 25 mg/L. All sample readings are up to standard.
 
Phosphate
Phosphate concentration from 0.37-0.78 mg/l in pre monsoon and 0.48 mg/L to 0.65 mg/L in post monsoon during this study and all values are acceptable at 200 mg/L in high samples reading were 0.65 mg/L and a minimum of 0.48 mg/L. All sample readings are up to standard.
 
Table 1.1: Physico-chemical parameters of various locations in Atrauli Block, Aligarh in pre monsoon.


Table 1.2: Physico-chemical parameters of various locations in Atrauli Block, Aligarh in post monsoon.
 

Conclusion Water is a need for the lifestyles of the mankind and additionally critical for the human development and wholesome functioning of environment. The study has a seasonally look at the physico-chemical parameters of ground water in Atrauli Block. In the present investigation shows that the analysis of the samples clearly indicates that most of the areas fall in under moderate to good water quality zones in pre monsoon season. the quality of ground water is proper with the standard limits at all locations in post monsoon season. The continuous observations of water quality are needed to remain water healthy.
Acknowledgement The author is thankful and acknowledges the support of District Level Water Analysis Laboratory, Aligarh U.P. and Department of Chemistry, S.V. College Aligarh for his experimental help.
References
1. Chukwu, G.U. Water quality assessment of boreholes in Umuahia South local government area of Abia State, Nigeria. Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 9 (2), 2008; pp. 592-598 2. India Bureau of Indian Standards, Specification for drinking water. 2012; IS: 10500, New Delhi 3. Jain S., and Agarwal M.; Study on physico-chemical characteristics of ground water of various villages around Raisar; Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences. 2(3):1551-1555, (2012) 4. Kalra, N., Kumar, R., Yadav, S. S., and Singh, R. T.; Physico-chemical analysis of ground water taken from five blocks (Udwantnagar, Tarari, Charpokhar, Piro, Sahar) of southern Bhojpur (Bihar). Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 4(3): 1827-1832, (2012) 5. Patil, V.T., and Patil, P.R.; Physicochemical Analysis of Selected Groundwater Samples of Amalner Town in Jalgaon District, Maharashtra, India. E-Journal of Chemistry. 7(1): 111-116, (2010) 6. Priyadarshi, Harit and Rao, Liaqat A.K. Hydrogeomorphological studies for ground water prospects using IRS-ID, LISS III Image, in parts of Agra district along the Yamuna river U.P. India .Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 3 (4), 1204-1210. (2009) 7. Ramachandraiah, C.; Right to drinking water in India, Centre for Economic and Social Studies. 56. (2004) 8. Ramesh, K., and Soorya, V.; Hydrochemical Analysis and Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in and around Hosur, Krishnagiri District, Tamil Nadu, India. International Journal of Research in Chemistry and Environment. 2(3): 113-122, (2012) 9. Rao, J., Babu, H., Swami, A. V. V., and Sumithra, S.; Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Ground Water of Vuyyuru, Part of East Coast of India. Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology. 3(2): 225- 232, (2013) 10. Reza, R., and Singh, G.; Physico- Chemical Analysis of Ground Water in Angul-Talcher Region of Orissa, India. Journal of American Science. 5(5): 53-58, (2009) 11. Sexenal, N., and Mishra, S.N.; Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 3(2): 162-167, (2011) 12. Shahnawaz, M., and Singh K. M.; Ground Water Quality of Piro and Jagdishpur Blocks of Bhojpur District: A Middle Gangatic Plain. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance. 1(1):9-12, (2009) 13. Singh, K. P., Malik, A., Mohan, D. and Sinha, S. Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality of Gomti River (India)-A case study. Water Research Journal, 38, 2004, pp. 3980–3992