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| Physico Chemical Properties of Sediment of Yamuna River at Agra Region | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Paper Id :
16370 Submission Date :
01/07/2022 Acceptance Date :
10/07/2022 Publication Date :
20/07/2022
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| Abstract | Sediment has played a crucial role to control the river water pollution due to exchangeable process take place between sediment and water. This investigation gives information about physic-chemical parameters of Yamuna River’s sediment at Agra. The parameter examined were pH, Electrical conductivity, organic carbon, % of CaCO3, Total Nitrogen, available potassium, available phosphorus, and total sulphur at nine sampling sites (Vishram ghat, Gokul barrage in Mathura, Kailash Temple, Yamuna bridge, Near Taj Mahal in Agra, Anwara, sophi sahib and near Bateswar in Firozabad). The result shows that the sites were highly contaminated. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Keywords | Sediment, Physico-Chemical, Yamuna River. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Introduction |
The Yamuna is wildly worshipped by devotes in India. A few centuries ago it prompted the mughals to build on their most magnificent mountains. The Taj on its bank. Sediments are known as a mixture of several components of mineral species and reprant the important sink for various pollutants in aquatic system. The anthropogenic activities and natural phenomena such a weathering of rocks and volcanic activities, change the physicochemical properties of the sediment. Soil or sediment is an integral part an aquatic eco system which is significance due to complex reaction which accrue with in itself and also due to exchange of chemical between soil and water. Considerable amount of work have been reported on the physicochemical properties of soil and sediments. Sediment are found in coarse fraction of sediment such as particle size and percentage of clay, silt and sand the place of origin of the sediment, the nature intensity of weathering process within water shades and transportation process (wind water and ice) responsible for supplying sediment to the river and lakes. Detrital input reaching river Yamuna is generated from various sources i.e. exposed fresh and weathered rocks recycled marine martial and fluvial sediment and soils. The catchments outcrops are exposed to variable rates and intensity of weathering and there weathering products may vary mineralogical characteristics because of mixing mineral component during erosion and transport prior to final deposition. Many tanneries and silver plating and small pesticides company in Agra and many glasses, battery industries in Firozabad are established.
Yamuna is a river northern India with the total length of around 1370KM. It is the largest tributary of Ganga. It’s source at Yamunotri in Uttarakhand Himalaya, which is the north of Haridwar in the Himalayan Mountains. It flows through states of Delhi, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, before merging with Ganga at Allahabad. The city of Delhi, Mathura, Agra and Firozabad lie on its bank. The river is mainly used for fishing, irrigation, drinking and aquaculture purposes. |
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| Aim of study | To study some physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Electrical conductivity (E.C.), calcium carbonate, organic carbon, total Nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and sulpher. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Review of Literature | Sediment or soil is very precious for all
living organisms on the earth. Keeping this view in mind our present study is
based on the sediment/soil composition as it may also affect the water bodies.
Many scientists have already identified the physico-chemical properties of
sediments of different rivers of India or world. |
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| Sampling | Sediment samples
from selected sites were collected during the month of June in 2020-21 the
samples was collected from the surface sediment of the river in pre cleaned
polyethylene bottles or glass containers. |
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| Analysis | The collected samples were analyzed for major
physical and chemical sediment quality parameter such as pH, E.C., organic
carbon, % of CaCO3, total Nitrogen, available phosphorus, available
potassium and total Sulphur. The physico-chemical analysis was carried out by
various standard methods |
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| Result and Discussion | The sediment analysis report of the all samples collected from Yamuna river are listed in table
• pH:- The pH of sediment samples ranged 7.50-7.87 showing alkaline nature of sediment in all sites. It was found maximum at Taj Mahal and minimum at Kailash Temple. 1. E.C:- The
value of salinity of the sediment is expressed as E.C. of the sediment ranged
from 0.15 - 0.57 in ds/m. The highest Value of salinity found in the sediment
at Kailash Temple and lowest at Taj Mahal. 2. % of CaCO3:-
The value of CaCO3 was found the ranged from 1.0 - 6.0. The highest value of
CaCO3 was recorded at Taj Mahal and lowest value of CaCO3 found at Yamuna
bridge. 3. Organic
carbon:- The organic carbon in the sediment depend on the supply of organic
matter to the environment the higher % of organic carbon may be due to higher
biological process taking place the highest % of organic carbon was recorded at
Yamuna Bridge 0.32 and lowest % of organic carbon was 0.13 recorded at Taj
mahal. 4. Total
Nitrogen:- Nitrogen is one of the major nutrient essential for plants. Total
nitrogen is merely an indicator of the soil potential for the elements. The
highest % of Nitrogen was recorded 138 at Taj Mahal and lowest % of total
nitrogen was12.50 found at Yamuna Bridge. 5.Available
phosphorus:- Available phosphorus is the phosphorus which was available to
plants. Low salinity and high dissolved Oxygen value of over laying water
enhance the adsorption process of phosphorus. The highest value of available
phosphorus was recorded 87.50 kg/heact at Yamuna bridge and lowest value of
available phosphorus was recorded 5.0 kg/heact at Taj mahal. 6. Available
potassium:- The larger salinity in pore waters lead to higher adsorption of
potassium in the sediment. The highest value of available potassium was
283.00kg/heact found at Kailash Temple and lowest value of available potassium
was recorded 58.00 kg/heact at Yamuna Bridge. 7. Total
sulphur:- The lowest value of sulphur was recorded 10.00 PPM at near Taj Mahal
and highest value of sulphur was recorded 50PPM near the Kailash Temple. |
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| Conclusion | Yamuna which act as the life line for the majority of the cities like Delhi, Noida, Faridabad, Mathura Agra and Firozabad. Play a major role in polluting the river. Yamuna river flow is retracted through several barrages such as Tejawala barrage, Wazirabad barrage, Okhla barrage. Gokul barrage etc. these barrages are directly or indirectly affecting the river water and sediment quality and aquatic ecosystem. The domestic effluents and chemicals from leather industries are being discharged into the Yamuna river from different drains. The analysis was carried out by taking certain parameters. In the present investigation it was found that the maximum parameters were at the level of the pollution except few parameters like pH, % of CaCO3, Total sulphur. the result clearly indicates that these change in the level of such parameter were due to urbanization and small scale iron factories, leather and silver platting industries are responsible for pollution in Yamuna river which is going to increase regularly due to direct throwing of wastage in the river Yamuna. So the study indicated that the Yamuna River in Agra region was highly polluted and unsafe for human use for the sampling time. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acknowledgement | The authors are highly thankful to my honorable supervisor Dr. S.S.Khirwar department of Chemistry and Principal Dr. Anurag Shukla Agra College Agra for providing necessary facilities. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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