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India, since independence has made a significant progress in rural development with an integrated approach towards the betterment of quality of life of the rural people. This is executed by ensuring their equity and participation in the development process. Rural development is dreams of our countries thinkers and leaders. Gandhi, Nehru all have not ignored the value of rural development for India. The emphasis of rural development programme is to make an attack on poverty through employment generation productive asset transfer through institutional credit and subsidy programmes, programmes for rural housing, providing drinking water facility, irrigation facility, road electricity communication and transportation facility to rural poor. The core areas on which the rural development programme is centred on Alleviating rural poverty generating employment and removing hunger and malnourishment accompanied by the enrichment of the quality of human life as reflected by significantly improved human index.

Mgnrega: The Present Status: A number of authors have attempted to study the MGNREGA in detail and its related problems. Dreze (2007) looks at the corruption in rural employment programmes in Orissa (India) and how this has continued in a NREGA as well. According to Mathur (2007). a system of regular and continuous flow of authoritative information is essential, as opposed to the random reports and studies dependent on the initiative of individuals and groups. To improve implementation, the government needs to solve problems, modify policy directives, and issue operational guidelines for the district. block and village levels. The government must take the lead, be proactive, mobilise institutions and groups, and use the media effectively. NREGS involves several lakh of government officials, panchayat functionaries, elected representatives, NGOs and community groups. They play a critical role but had little preparation for the challenge. NREGS in fact is a program of national importance which has been marginalised. While the Ministry of Rural Development is the nodal ministry at the centre, every relevant department and agency requires being involved.

Ambasta et al. (2008) gave a number of important recommendations. These included deployment of full-time professionals dedicated to MGNREGA at all levels, especially at the block level. Intensive effort at building up a massive cadre of fully trained grass-root workers is required at the gram panchayat level through a nation wide movement for  capacity building engaging government and non-government training institutions.

Mehotra (2008) a civil servant who has worked In implementation of the scheme, believes that 4 percent of programme costs allocated as administrative costs and professional support is still quite low and does not recognise the fact that a programme al the scale MGNRECA requires serious professional support.

Khera (2008) thinks that the successful implementation al the MGNREGA in the Patti block in Orissa (India) state goes beyond the ability of its residents to claim their rights. This is brought out by the high levels, of engagement with the programme in terms of planning, implementation and monitoring.

Mathur (2009) states that in social audit undertaken in Andhra Pradesh (India), it was found that in certain villages. some people stated that they had not been paid for the work done. When comparisons were made of the payments as per the pass-book with the payment as per the job card, it was discovered that the  job card did not contain the inner pages that record the work done by each person, the job card itself was incomplete.

The  MGNRIGA needs to be a support system for the desperately poor and should enable. encourage  and empower them to stand on their, own feet. In its present format, the MGNREGA could become yet another subsidy programme that runs the risk of becoming a burden on the nation (The Economic times. 2009).

Rural development is the need the hour. It not only constitutes the development of rural regions but also aims at improving the well-being and quality of life to the rural poor through collective process. It is clear from the review that though this programme is meant for improving the life conditions of the people in the rural settings but this programme suffers from a number of shortcomings. Thus, the detailed review of literature clearly indicates that there is a need for extensive anthropological research work for understanding the socio-economic impact of MGNREGA programme on rural Indian.

Mgnrega: The Historical Perspective:

In the post-Independence period, the Government wanted to uplift the socio- economic condition (SEC) of their people who mainly depended upon forest products and daily labour. Another important component of the governmental perspective was to settle the rural population as agriculture population. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005, guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial year to any rural household whose adult members are willing to do unskilled manual work. The Act has come into force with effect from February, 2006 in 2000 districts initially and later on, it was extended to all the rural districts of India from the financial year 2008-09.

MGNREGA has come after almost 56 years of experience of other rural employment programmes which include both Centrally Sponsored Schemes and those launched by State Governments. These Comprise the National Rural Employment Programme Guarantee Programme (RLEGP 1983-89; Jawaharlal Rojgar Yojana (JRY) 1989-1990; Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) 1993-99. Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) 1999-2002; Sampoorna Garmin Rojgar Yojana (SGRY) 2001, National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) 2004. Among these programmes, the SGRY and NFFWP have been merged with NREGA in 2005.

The Act was implemented in phased manner 130 districts were added in 2007-08. With its spread over 625 districts across the country, the flagship program of the UPA Government has the potential to increase the purchasing power of rural poor, reduce distress migration and to create useful assets in rural India. Also, it can foster social and gender equality as 23 percent workers under the scheme are Scheduled Castes, 17 percent Scheduled Tribes and 50 percent women. In 2010-11 41 million households were employed on NREGA worksites. This Act was introduced with an aim of improving the purchasing power of the rural people, primarily semi or unskilled work to people living in rural India, whether or not they are below the poverty line.

Rural Development Programmes of India

To reduce poverty and unemployment, the Government of India Introduced a number of programmes that are Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS),  Prime Minister's Rojgar Yojana (PMRY), Jawahar Grain Samridhi Yojana (JGSY), Swarna jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana to provide employment food security with rural infrastructure, Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY), National Rural Employment Guarantee act (NREGA) etc. All these programmes were initiated to providing wage employment to those people who lives in rural areas. Among all these programmes NREGA is one of the latest programmes to increase wage base employment has been implemented in 2006. The difference between these schemes and MGNREGA is that Mahatma Gandhi national rural employment guarantee act provides the "legal right for employment" or "Right to Work" to rural population and provides unemployment allowance if work is not provided. There are various schemes are launched under the Ministry of Rural Development that are:

1. Training Rural youth for Self- Employment: This scheme was launched in 1979 for the training of the rural youth who are unemployed and not getting the work. This scheme provides the self-employment to the rural youth.

2. Integrated Rural Development Programme: This scheme is implemented in the year 1980 for the all- over development of the rural poor by providing the self- employment of the program of asset endowment.

3. National Rural Employment Programme: This program is integrated in 1980. The main of this program to provide the employment opportunities to the people who live in rural areas.

4. Rural Landless Employment Guarantee programme: In 1983, this program is implemented by the Indian government for providing employment to landless farmers and rural people who lives in poorer conditions.

5. Jawahar Rojgar Yojana: This scheme or Yojana that implemented in 1989 for providing the employment to rural people who are unemployed.

6. Employment Assurance Scheme: This scheme is started in 1993 for the aim of the providing employment of at least 100 days in a year in a village.

7. Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana: In 1999, the Ministry of Rural Employment Development launched the yojana for eliminating rural poverty and unemployment and promoting self-employment in rural areas such as proper Training, development of infrastructure, planning of activities, financial aid, Credit from banks, organizing self-help groups, and subsidies.

8. Sampoorna Garmin Rojgar Yojana: This yojana is implemented in 2001 for providing wage employment and food security in rural areas and also create durable economic and social assets.

9. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana: This was launched on 25 December 2000 as a fully funded centrally sponsored programme to provide all-weather road connectivity in rural areas of the country. The programme envisages connecting all habitations with a population of 500 persons and above in the plain areas and 250 persons and above in bill States, the tribal and the desert areas.

10. Food for work Programme: In 2001, the one of the programs of providing employment in rural areas to give food through wage employment in the drought affected areas in eight states. Wages are paid by the state government partly in cash and partly in food grains.

11. National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme: The NREGA is one of the schemes that enacted in 2006 for providing the hundred day's employment to the rural people. The NREGA is one of the schemes that provide employment to the rural people for the aim of reducing unemployment. Thus, all these schemes that plays an important role for reducing unemployment and poverty in India. But MGNREGA is one of these schemes that provide livelihood security to the rural people by giving hundred days' employment and MGNREGA play an important role for creating the assets.

Table:

S. No.	Year	Name     of the Programme	after Indepandence
1.	1948	GMFC	Grow More Food Campaging
2.	1949	JMPC	Japanese Method of Paddy Cultivation
3.	1952	CDP	Community Development Programme
4.	1953	NES	National Extension Service
5.	1961	IADP	Intensive Agriculture District Programme
6.	1963	ANP	Applied Nutrition Programme
7.	1964	IAAP	Integrated Agricultural Area Programme
8.	1964	ICDP	Integrated Cattle Development Programme
9.	1965	NDP	National Development Programme
10.	1966	ODP	Oilseed Development Programme
11.	1966	HYVP	High Yielding Varieties Programme
12.	1966	FTEP	Farmers Training and Education Programme
13.	1966	FTC	Farmers Training Centre
14.	1966	MCP	Multiple Crop Programme
15.	1970	DPAP	Draught Prone Area Programme
16.	1970	DFAP	Dry Farming Area Programme
17.	1971	ICDP	Integrated Cotton Development Programme
18.	1971	WVDP	Whole Village Development Programme
19.	1971	SFDA	Small Farmers Development Agency
20.	1971	MFAL	Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labour Agency
21.	1971	TADP	Tribal Area Development Programme
22.	1973	HADP	Hill Area Development Programme
23.	1974	T&V	Training and Visit System
24.	1974	KVK	Krishi  Vigyan Kendra
25.	1974	TDB	Tribal Development Block
26.	1975	CADP	Command Area Development Programme
27.	1976	IRDP	Integrated Rural Development Programme
28.	1976	ORP	Operational Research Project
29.	1976	SF	Social Forestry
30.	1977	DDP	Desert Development Programme
31.	1978	LLP	Lab-to-Land Programme
32.	1978	NARP	National Agricultural Research Project
33.	1979	TRYSEM	Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment
34.	1980	NREP	National Rural Employment Programme
35.	1980	DRDA	District Rural Development Agency
36.	1980	TUP	Tribal Upliftment Project
37.	1981	RLEGP	Rural Landless Employment Gurantee Programme
38.	1982	DWCRA	Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas
39.	1984-85	NAEP	National Agricultural Extension Project
40.	1986-87	NWDP	National Watershed Development Project
41.	1989	JRY	Jawahar Rojgar Yojana
42.	1990	NWDPRA	National Water Development Project for Rain Fed Area
43.	1998	NATP	National Agricultural Technology Project
44.	1998	ATMA	Agricultural Technology Management Agency
45.	2005	NAIP	National Agricultural Innovation Porject

This research paper is mainly based on secondary data. Such as books and journals, Directorate of rural development.

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