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| A Survey On Aflatoxin Contamination In Animal Feed In Uttar Pradesh | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Paper Id :
15947 Submission Date :
12/04/2022 Acceptance Date :
19/04/2022 Publication Date :
21/04/2022
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| Abstract | Aflatoxins are mold-synthetized secondary metabolites that are ubiquitously present in agricultural commodities, such as maize, groundnut cake, pulse, and cereals etc which are the part of animal feed formulation. The aflatoxin contamination in different types of animal feed viz. Poultry feed, Husk of pulse, Maize, Groundnut cake, Linseed cake, Wheat bran and Rice bran, collected from the retail as well as wholesale shops, godown and local market of various cities, from Uttar Pradesh in three seasons i.e. during rainy season, before rainy season and after rainy season. Of 233 samples analysed, 65 (27.89%) were positive for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and the highest number of samples contaminated with aflatoxin B1 was found in poultry feed 38.93% followed by maize 35.00%, groundnut cake 34.28%, lindseed cake 31.03%, husk of pulse 29.72 %, and wheat bran 6.89%. None of rice bran samples were found affected during different seasons. After rainy season samples of groundnut cake 50.00% were the highly contaminated than other ingredients. Environment plays a significant role for the growth of fungi. Higher the relative humidity and higher temperature, higher was the contamination of aflatoxin B₁ in animal feed. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Keywords | Aflatoxin, Animal feed, Carcinogens | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Introduction |
Aflatoxins are one of many natural occurring mycotoxins that are found in agricultural products, soil, grains, nuts, dairy products, tea, spices as well as animals and humans. Aflatoxins are specially problematic in dry and hot climates. Aflatoxins, known carcinogens, are polycyclic unsaturated organic compounds consisting of a coumarin nucleus flanked with a highly reactive bifuran ring system on one side and a six membered lactone ring on the other side. The carcinogenic properties are attributed to the presence of a lactone ring (Asao et al., 1963). Aflatoxins are the toxic metabolites of two closely related fungi namely Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus (Heathcote, 1984) which are distributed worldwide. (Diener et al., 1987;
Ranjan et al.,1991) and may colonize and contaminate variety of feeds and food stuffs (Verma and Sinha, 1992). Chronic contamination of aflatoxin in feed lead to a gradual deteriorating of health through liver damage and immunosuppressant(Choudhary et al.,2010; Bryden et al.,2012; Choudhary et al.,2020) .Substantial literature is available regarding aflatoxin contamination in common food and feed but there are few reports about the contamination of aflatoxin in animal feed in Uttar Pradesh. |
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| Aim of study | Substantial literature is available regarding aflatoxin contamination in common food and feed but there are few reports about the contamination of aflatoxin in animal feed in Uttar Pradesh.The main objective of the present survey is to provide data on occurrence of aflatoxins in various animal feed commodities under natural conditions used for animals in the different geographical areas of Uttar Pradesh. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Review of Literature | Chronic
contamination of aflatoxin in feed lead to a gradual deteriorating of health
through liver damage and immunosuppressant(Choudhary et al.,2010; Bryden et
al.,2012; Choudhary et al.,2020) .Choudhary et.al. (2020) reported that the
amount of aflatoxin B1 was significantly high (P<0.05%) in household cattle
feeds followed by commercial cattle feeds, where the mean value of AFB1 was 5.02
± 2.46µg/kg and 4.19 ± 1.05µg/kg, respectively. Freshly harvested cattle feeds
(maize, paddy husk, paddy straw, maize straw and green grasses) were
comparatively safe. Seasons had marked influence on aflatoxin B1 contamination
on various types of cattle feeds. Maximum levels of aflatoxin B1 was detected
during wet seasons in household cattle feeds (Mean value = 7.79 ± 2.07µg/kg)
.Similar reports are also reported by various workers in India as well as in
abroad. |
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| Methodology | The various important villages, markets, godowns and poultry farms from Uttar Pradesh in three seasons i.e. during rainy season, before rainy season and after rainy season were surveyed for sample collection of commonly used feed stuffs for the domestic animals viz. poultry feed, husk of pulse, maize, groundnut cake, lindseed cake, wheat bran and rice bran. Each sample comprised 250g representative of 100 kg animal feed lots. Each sample were collected in dried sterilized polythene bags and were subsequently taken to the laboratory for further analysis. Precautions were taken during sampling to avoid erroneous result of uneven distribution. After monitoring the moisture content sample were dried at 60°C to remove moisture and samples were stored in deep freezer to check further fungal growth. Each dried sample was ground and mixed to obtain 50g sub sample for aflatoxin analysis.
Chemical extraction of aflatoxin in animal feed samples was done in methanol: water (60:40 v/v) (Thomas et al., 1975). The residue was finally extracted with chloroform. Of 2ml of finally eluted chloroform extract 50 ml was spotted on silica gel thin layer chromatographic (TLC) plates prepared in laboratory, which was subsequently developed in toulene, isoamyl alcohol and methanol (90:32:2 v/v), solvent system for separation of different aflatoxin. (Reddy et al., 1970). The Triflouroacetic Acid was used for chemical confirmation of aflatoxin. The concentration of aflatoxin was quantitated spectrophotometrically (Nabney and Nesbitt, 1965). Test of significance is done by the method of Snedecor and Cochran (1967). |
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| Statistics Used in the Study | Table:
Aflatoxin Contamination in Animal Feed in Uttar Pradesh
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| Result and Discussion | The results of the present survey, the
aflatoxin contamination in animal feed in Uttar Pradesh in three
different seasons are given in table. The aflatoxin contamination in
different types of animal feed viz. poultry feed, husk of pulse, maize,
groundnut cake, lindseed cake, wheat bran and rice bran, collected from
the retail as well as wholesale shops, godown, local market, villages and
poultry forms, from Uttar Pradesh in three seasons i.e. during rainy
season, before rainy season and after rainy season. The total 233 samples
were analysed, 65 (27.89%) samples were positive for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)
and the highest number of samples contaminated with aflatoxin B1 was
found in poultry feed 38.93% followed by maize 35.00%, groundnut cake
34.28%, ,lindseed cake 31.03% , husk of pulse 29.72 %, and wheat bran
6.89%. None of rice bran samples were found affected during different
seasons. After rainy season samples of groundnut cake 50.00% were the
highly contaminated than other ingredients. Highest contamination was
found in linseed cake, poultry feed and groundnut cake before rainy season,
during rainy season and after rainy season respectively. Environment
plays a significant role for the growth of fungi. Higher the relative humidity
and higher the temperature, higher was the contamination of aflatoxin B₁ in
animal feed. Clean, dry and insect free storage conditions are critical to
prevent aflatoxin growth as noted by the USAID desk review. Making storage
options inexpensive and accessible is of permanent importance for
reducing the growth of the aflatoxins in various commodities. A toxigenic strain of aspergillus
flavus and aspergillus parasiticus, a suitable base and congenial
climatic conditions are the three major factors which contribute to
aflatoxin contamination in food and feed substrate under natural
condition. Diener and Davis (1969), showed that moisture
and relative humidity of the surroundings are the important factor for
the growth of fungus which leads to aflatoxin production in various
animal feeds. The sorting, cleaning, drying, packaging and hygienic
conditions in stores and transport are also the factors of fungal growth.
The food grains are normally harvested at higher moisture content leads to
increase risk of mould growth and alfatoxin production Singh et al.
(1997) analysed 67 dairy cattle feed samples and reported 65% positively
for aflatoxin ranging from 50-400 mcg/kg. Choudhary et.al. (2020) reported
that the amount of aflatoxin B1 was significantly high
(P<0.05%) in household cattle feeds followed by commercial cattle
feeds, where the mean value of AFB1 was 5.02 ± 2.46µg/kg and 4.19 ±
1.05µg/kg, respectively. Freshly harvested cattle feeds (maize, paddy
husk, paddy straw, maize straw and green grasses) were comparatively
safe. Seasons had marked influence on aflatoxin B1 contamination on
various types of cattle feeds. Maximum levels of aflatoxin B1 was
detected during wet seasons in household cattle feeds (Mean value = 7.79
± 2.07µg/kg) .Similar reports are also reported by various workers in India
as well as in abroad.The percentage of aflatoxin contamination in the
present study may be due to association of toxigenic strain of aspergillus
flavus and aspergillus parasiticus along with the favourable climatic conditions prevailing in these areas, poor harvesting, storage as well as marketing facilities greatly stimulate the contamination of aflatoxin in food and feed stuffs. Although the present study did not survey the incidence of disease related to this problem but it can certainly be presumed that the contaminated samples may cause some physiological abnormalities in genital, digestive and respiratory tracts through different mechanisms. This will depend on both the concentration of aflatoxin in feed and its daily consumption. |
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| Conclusion | Environment plays a significant role for the growth of fungi. Higher the relative humidity and higher temperature, higher was the contamination of aflatoxin B₁ in animal feed. Hence it is essential to have rigorous monitoring programme for aflatoxin, so that better feed management can be done for livestock. Monitoring and preventive programmes should be one of the most effective strategy to decrease the risk of exposure to both human and animals. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| References | 1. Asao, T., Buchi, G., Abdel, K.M.M., Chang, S.B., Wick, E.L. and Wogan, G.N. (1963), Aflatoxin and G. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 85: 1706-1707.
2. Bryden, W.L. (2002), Mycotoxin contamination of the feed chain: Implications for animal productivity and feed security. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 173(1-2): 134-158.
3. Choudhary, A., and Kumari, P. (2010), Management of mycotoxin contamination in preharvest and post harvest crops: present status and future prospects. Journal of Phytology, 2(7): 37-52.
4. Choudhary, A.K., Tuda, Smita, Kumari, P., Ranjan, A., (2020), Present status, prevalence and seasonal variations of aflaxtoxin in cattle feed, Bihar, India. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 13(17): 1738-1745.
5. Diener, U.L., Cole, R.J. Sanders TH., Payne, G.A., Lee, L.S. and Klich, M.A. (1987), Epidemiology of aflatoxin formation by Aspergillus flavus. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol., 25: 249-270.
6. Diener, U.L. and Davis, N.D. (1969), In Aflatoxin (Ed. L.A. - Goldblott) Academic press New York, pp. 13-54.
7. Heathcote J.G. (1984), Aflatoxins and related toxins in mycotoxin production, isolation, separation and purification (Ed. Betina, V.A. Elsvier Sci. Pub., pp. 89. 8. Nabney, J. and Nesbitt, B.F. (1965), A spectrophotometric method for determination the aflatoxin, analyst, 90: 155-160.
9. Ranjan, K., Sinha, A. (1991), Occurrence of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in animal feed from Bihar, India. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 56(1): 39-47.
10.Reddy, T.V. Vishwanathan, L. and Venkitasubramanian, T.A. (1970), Thin layer chromatography. Anal. Biochem., 38: 568-571.
11.Singh, P.P., Jand, S.K., Baxi, K.K. and Singh, N. (1997), Occurrence of aflatoxins in dairy cattle feed in relation to climatic condition. Indian Vet. Med. J., 21: 121- 123.
12.Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1967), Statistical methods (The Iowa State University Press, Ames, I.A. VI Education, 91-119).
13.Thomas, F., Eppley, R.M. and Trucksess, M.W. (1975), Rapid screening method for aflatoxins and Zearalenone in corn. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 58:114-116. 14.Verma, C.S. and Sinha, D.P. (1992), Aflatoxin problem in Pulse in Vihar. Bio Journal Patna, 4(1-2): 63-69. |
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