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With technological advancements and an ever-increasing population, energy output must rise to meet rising demand. Our planet's energy demand is forecast to climb to an alarming 36.5 trillion kWh by 2040. Our reliance on assets such as gas, coal, and natural gas will soon come to an end as we become more aware of the dangerously unsustainable lack of these services. As a result, the emphasis is on discovering new, clean energy sources.[1] Foreign annual expenditures in green energy suppliers, for example, are rising significantly, with solar energy being one of the more prominent sources and it is one of the most renewable energy supply sources. In fact, global solar energy production increases by an average of 8.3 percent each year[2] and is expected to increase to 15.7 percent between 2012 and 2040.[3] Although solar energy is green, the sources of energy itself are dependent on a variety of ecological and environmental factors. A correlation between various historical data and the availability of solar energy is critical for organisational, policy, and planning purposes. It would also be beneficial to automatically learn these relations using machine learning algorithms in order to embed them in workflows for energy consumption optimization.[4] Climate change and the gradual decline of nonrenewable energy supplies are motivating forces behind clean energy research and growth, which impacts both countries and businesses. Green energy, also known as renewable energy development, is a hot topic of science right now. Solar energy is one of the most common and well-known forms of renewable energy since it is simple to get and has less constraints on procurement and implementation. Solar energy is relatively expensive in comparison to fossil fuels, and energy storage options are often insufficient for night power, extended storms, and gloomy weather. The aim of this paper is to explain the development of solar power technologies. On Earth, sunlight is an inexhaustible source of free energy.[5] To produce enough electricity, a number of renewable energy sources may be used (e.g. hydraulic, biomass, geothermal and solar). In order to generate energy i.e. it involves green resources with substantial global potential, but geothermal and hydraulic (such as dams) are geographically restricted, and biomass (such as wood and vegetables, solid waste, waste coal, biogas, ethanol, and biodiesel) needs combustion, which practically raises the intensity of carbon pollution.[6] “Technologies are being developed to generate power from harvested solar energy. Several solar power systems are economically practical and are used as renewable alternatives around the world (though not entirely eliminating conventional electricity sources)”.[7]

Solar Technology Development

The sections that follow represent the detailed history of solar energy and its invention mining initiatives. “The aim of this paper is to look at the past of solar science and clarify where it is going now. This framework would be used to explore additional theoretical aspects of solar physics. Solar power is attractive because it is abundant and offers a remedy to the emissions generated by fossil energy and global climate change.⁸ The Earth receives solar radiation at a rate of approximately 1,73,000 TW.⁹ This greatly exceeds the current global average energy consumption rate of about 15 TW¹⁰, as well as all potential criteria.¹¹ India is an ideal solar combination since it is both highly settled and has high solar insulation.¹² India is now a major producer of wind” energy.

Table 1. Table shows a review of literature of power generation profile, a load profile, and the methods used by various academics (In different research papers).  Abbreviations: OGH (off-grid home)

Demonstrates that “HOMER can optimise standalone hybrid systems that combine renewable energy sources (such as wind turbines, PV panels, and hydro turbines) with backup and storage systems based on batteries and hydrogen. In this study, we present the methodology used to develop an independent hybrid system that can meet the load energy need all year round. Each method's hybrid system design for the standalone application under investigation has been simulated using a model of the hybrid system. In this work, a proposal is made for the use of off-grid hybrid systems to provide the constant power requirements of telecom distant base stations. The preferred function of electrolytic hydrogen inside a hybrid system was studied using a model. As a result of the hybrid designs presented, systems should be more robust and have a longer lifespan than is possible with only batteries alone. Two different integrated hydrogen energy systems for eco-friendly homes are compared and contrasted. The energy systems employ a mix of solar photovoltaic arrays and wind turbines to satisfy the power needs of the dwelling a detailed parametric analysis is undertaken to evaluate the impacts of various essential factors such as wind speed, ambient temperature, and solar irradiation on the energy efficiency of the systems. Here, we use the hydrogen-based energy development methods that have been shown to be effective elsewhere, and we look at how well they may work in tandem with renewable energy. An analytical model to size, evaluate and assess the feasibility of a hybrid photovoltaic/hydrogen (PV/H2) energy conversion system using actual meteorological data is described in this study. Both the amount of energy stored and the necessary electric load are factors in determining the hybrid system's efficiency.

The author demonstrates that battery storage and/or hydrogen storage are theoretically viable options for energy storage. System configurations that use both forms of storage in parallel provide the best results with the lowest carbon emissions (during operation). The findings will also be utilised to help make decisions on appropriate storage options for the area under consideration in this study. In this research, we examine the pros and cons of both grid expansion and the introduction of a renewable off-grid hybrid power system. The research takes into account needs for heating, cooling, and lighting. The Net Present Cost of each possible outcome is used to choose the best one. To examine how the cost of hydrogen storage affects the overall price of electricity in a renewable off-grid system, a sensitivity analysis of past and future costs was performed. An economic analysis of hydrogen electrolysis for off-grid applications is presented in this research. The Ely4off project (n 700359) in Europe is funding this research. The optimal Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCoE) is determined by comparing four different system configurations supplied solely by photovoltaics under certain techno-economic hypothesis: photovoltaic-batteries, photovoltaic-hydrogen-batteries, photovoltaic-diesel generator, and diesel generator; the impact of location and different consumption profiles is investigated.  This article makes use of the advantageous geographical position of Ecuador in regards to solar radiation via the research and implementation of renewable energy systems (RES). A highly efficient hybrid PV-FC-B power system is proposed here.  Grid-side faults may cause frequent power outages, voltage reductions, and power fluctuations in off-the-grid locales including villages, islands, and mountainous regions. During grid-side outages, important loads in these outlying areas may be met more reliably by using renewable energy sources that are linked to the grid or by using micro-grids. Solar photovoltaic (PV) power systems are readily available in renewable energy systems, and hybrid PV-battery systems or energy storage systems (ESS) are better capable of delivering uninterruptible power to the local critical loads during grid-side breakdowns. A solar power conditioning system (PCS) mediates communication between the photovoltaic (PV) source, the battery, and the load/central” grid in this setup.

1. Cano, A., Jurado, F., S´anchez, H., Fern´andez, L.M., Casta˜neda, M., 2014. Optimal sizing of stand-alone hybrid systems based on PV/WT/FC by using several methodologies. J. Energy Inst. 87 (4), 330–340. 2. Scamman, D., Newborough, M., Bustamante, H., 2015. Hybrid hydrogen-battery systems for renewable off-grid telecom power. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 40 (40), 13876–13887 3. Khalid, F., Aydin, M., Dincer, I., Rosen, M.A., 2016. Comparative assessment of two integrated hydrogen energy systems using electrolyzers and fuel cells. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 41 (44), 19836–19846 4. Yunez, A., Gonz´alez-Huerta, R.d.G., Tufi˜no-Vel´azquez, M., Barbosa, R., Escobar, B., 2016. Solar-hydrogen hybrid system integrated to a sustainable house in Mexico. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 41 (43), 19539–19545 5. Prasanna, A., Dorer, V., 2017. Feasibility of renewable hydrogen based energy supply for a district. Energy Proc. 122, 373–378. 6. Lai, C.S.; Jia, Y.; Lai, L.L.; Xu, Z.; McCulloch, M.D.; Wong, K.P. A comprehensive review on large-scale photovoltaic system with applications of electrical energy storage. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 78, 439–451. 7. Sridhar, V.; Umashankar, S. A comprehensive review on CHB MLI based PV inverter and feasibility study of CHB MLI based PV-STATCOM. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 78, 138–156. 8. Luta, D.N., Raji, A.K., 2018. Decision-making between a grid extension and a rural renewable off-grid system with hydrogen generation. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 43 (20), 9535–9548. 9. Gracia, L., Casero, P., Bourasseau, C., Chabert, A., 2018. Use of Hydrogen in Off-Grid Locations, a Techno-Economic Assessment, Energies 11 (11) 10. Chen, L.; Chen, H.; Li, Y.; Li, G.; Yang, J.; Liu, X.; Xu, Y.; Ren, L.; Tang, Y. SMES-Battery Energy Storage System for the Stabilization of a Photovoltaic-Based Microgrid. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2018, 28, 1–7. 11. Rallabandi, V.; Akeyo, O.M.; Jewell, N.; Ionel, D.M. Incorporating Battery Energy Storage Systems Into Multi-MW Grid Connected PV Systems. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 2018, 55, 638–647. 12. Yang, Y.; Ye, Q.; Tung, L.J.; Greenleaf, M.; Li, H. Integrated Size and Energy Management Design of Battery Storage to Enhance Grid Integration of Large-Scale PV Power Plants. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2018, 65, 394–402