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From the origin of time mortals have followed dreaming around the perfect societies, where all people are living comfortably and prosperously. Starting from Plato’s The Republic to Thomas Moore’s book Utopia composed in 1516, Literature was obviously yearning this human dream through hundreds of years. From the beginning of time there is inverse to everything. If the individuals have dreamt of a good society, they in there originative minds envisioned the absolute worst society to live in, by this individuals prompted the reverse to a good society and to counter genre Utopia, to be specific Dystopia. In order to explain the idea of Dystopia as well as known as anti-Utopia or the antithesis of Utopia and its chief features the author will use, in his analysis, Nineteen Eighty Four written by George Orwell as a primary origin and as the nucleus of his dissertation. As we speak of dystopian fiction, Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty Four is amongst the highest degree and the most mentioned piece of work in dystopian fiction. How Orwell created a totalitarian system that controlled the masses by different means. Applying this material author will try to show and to explain the prima characteristics of a dystopian society, physical and mental manipulation are the main characteristics used by the totalitarian regime for suppress the citizens. The starting portion or the first part is committed to concise accent of totalitarianism in Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty Four and few of its facets like the Cult of personality and the ministers that form the ruling party. The second part is dedicated to illuminate the techniques used by the regime for manipulation of the minds of citizens. These various techniques are as following; propaganda, the manipulation of language and the inexplicable concept of Doublethink. Raising love for war among citizens, sexual abuse, surveillance and abolition of the opposition will be the core of the last part.

The Novel Nineteen Eighty Four By George Orwell: As The Prima Feature Of A Dystyopian Society.

The cult of personality is one of the highest degree influential facets of a totalitarian state. The cult of personality results from when a single person by means of various intense methods such as propaganda with the help of mass media to bring a creation of idealized figure. The use of Big Brother in Nineteen Eighty Four by George Orwell clearly indicates the conception of the cult of personality because he was depicted as a god like figure rather than a ruler of the state. Big Brother was everywhere in the state of Oceania, he was on placards, telescreens, even on the opening page of books which were dedicated for children’s, despite all this Big Brother was not seen by anybody. The leader worship was apparent in Nineteen Eighty Four, similarly. Like in all totalitarian regimes, it creates hyposis. From one page to another page of Nineteen Eighty Four, Big Brother is infallible and all powerful. Everything which brings praise are directly attributed to his leadership and inspiration weather it is scientific discovery, progress in knowledge, all wisdom, happiness, successes, every achievement.( Orwell 2008: 216). As it is seen that the ambience of totalitarian regimes are tyrannical or oppressive same was the case with the society of Nineteen Eighty Four, it is also oppressive. Everywhere atmosphere is pictured as being horrific. London for example, is demonstrated with slums, rats and pools of contaminated water everywhere among the cobbles (Orwell, 2008: 86). Every totalitarian regime has its ideology, same was case with Oceania, its ideology is ingsoc, which is newspeak. In the state of Oceania, government compromises of four ministries everyone attributed to their particular work. To control the citizens constant fear was created through torturing, monitoring, arresting the people, ministry of love was responsible for that. For food and good rations there was ministry of plenty, for constant ear ministry of peace and the last one ministry of truth is responsible for rewriting history. As seen in their names all ministries work complete opposite to their names which is purely ironic. Society in Nineteen Eighty Four is hierarchical in nature. There are three levels in which society is divided. First part compromises two percent of the society, it is on the top of the population. It fortunated and privileged few members rule and run the whole society of Oceania. It is called inner party. Middle class of state Oceania is represented by outer party. The four ministries employ their workers from both upper and middle classes ( the inner and outer parties) to run the state of Oceania. Winston Smith, the main character or protagonist comes from the outer party also, this part of society is always at constant surveillance. Proles, the last one represent the majority of the population of Oceania state. They are not monitored by the party, they are not suppressed by the surveillance, they live in districts. In all Totalitarian regimes and particularly in the State of Oceania, handling of citizens is terrifying and violent. Citizens where controlled mentally and physically by party, crimes done by citizens where transferred to ministry of love, a dark place where they get beaten and interrogated until they betray their fellow comrades. The torture was so severe that most men’s rebellious spirit broke down and even many prisoners thought about suicide. Guards kick even broke his fingers. They dragged him to his feet. Relates the narrator ( Orwell 2008: 249).    Although Orwell's depiction of a totalitarian regime may appear quite extreme, it really shares many characteristics with both communist and fascist philosophies, including a lack of individual freedom, devotion to a leader, terror, and surveillance. In the words of Fowler, "individual human life with its desires, its intellectual freedom, and its feeling of situation in time and in culture" would be prevented by the totalitarian inclinations prevalent in the 1930s and 1940s, which is why the construction of Oceania is a clear warning against them (Fowler, 1995: 185). Simply said, propaganda is a set of communication strategies employed on purpose to spread a pre-made message (idea, stereotype, etc.) through effective symbols. Lasswell‘s seminal definition of propaganda as ―the control of opinion by significant symbols including ―stories, rumors, reports, pictures, and other forms of social communication ( Lasswell, 1927: 627). Since the propaganda is directed at entire communities or specific members of those communities, it is communal in nature, intending to exchange viewpoints that include judgments on the truth and importance of facts as well as on their actuality and value. ( J.Ellul: 1973: 169). Propaganda is imputed by Truth Ministry . Ross defines propaganda much more narrowly as an epistemically defective message used with the intention to persuade a socially significant group of people on behalf of a political institution, organization or cause (Ross, 2002: 24). Winston Smith works in the records department, where he destroys old documents as they become unreliable due to constantly changing policies and replaces them with fake ones. In addition to being a target of censorship and propaganda, he also practises it. As he destroys historical records, he is aware that what he is censoring and altering was probably also untrue: Statistics were a fiction in both their original and corrected forms, it was said (Orwell, 2008: 48). When creating propaganda, he either censors himself or is censored by anonymously put out "lines of policy" and his " judgement of what the party desired" to say (Orwell, 2008: 50-51). The fiction created by the Fiction Department can be used for a variety of things. However, if the goal is to amuse, other propagandistic objectives profit from its seeming goal. This is demonstrated in Winston's news story, which is made up but pretends not to be. If fictional stories that pose as true can advance values, then stories that are just fictional can also accomplish this. Winston and Julia's employment overlap in an apparent attempt by Orwell to highlight how reality and fiction may be used interchangeably for propaganda. Winston, crafts fantasy yet deals on facts. The Fiction Department's Julia's team, which typically produces novels, retools to produce atrocity pamphlets (Orwell, 2008: 170). It is to employ a celebrity or an expert to promote a product or a cause. The moment of truth has now arrived. You will be saved by me, and I will make you flawless." Winston in the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four respects O'Brien since he is a powerful person in their society. An illustration of testimonial propaganda is this quote. When Winston referred to O'Brien as "the friend," it was clear that he respected him.  This is primarily due to Winston's respect for O'Brien as a party member and significant figure in their society, which made it simpler for O'Brien to persuade Winston that the party's way of life was the best way to live. It simply involves the use of broad, general words (typically slogans or simple catchphrases) that appeal to the audience's strongly held values and ideas without offering any justification. Honor, glory, love of country, desire for peace, freedom, and family values are among the ideals they invoke. The usage of the word "patriotism" by a politician in a speech is an illustration of a dazzling generalisation. . Politicians that declare, "I am a patriotic individual," without defining it or providing any other examples are utilising gaudy generalisations. Another instance of glitzy generalisations is found in advertising, such as when a product is claimed to leave the consumer "feeling rejuvenated." Although it is ambiguous and makes no specific claims regarding the product, this favourable remark encourages the viewer to purchase the item. The party's slogans in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four are illustrations of glittering generalities.

War is peace

Freedom is slavery

Ignorance is strength" (Orwell, 2008: 4)

In Orwell's ", a further illustration of the bandwagon approach "Before the Hate had even been going for thirty seconds, half the audience was yelling out inexplicable fits of wrath. The self-satisfied sheep like visage on the screen and the scary strength of the Eurasian army behind it were too much to bear; in addition, just thinking or seeing Goldstein naturally evokes terror and rage." Orwell (2008 p. 13)  This quotation demonstrates to the reader that everyone grew upset when the two minutes of hatred started because "half the room" or the majority did this frequently. More people joined as a result of the overwhelming amount of indignation displayed by the crowd. Everyone is aware of how important language is, , before and after all, a means of communication, but Orwell elevates it to another level and moulds it to fulfil purposes other than its original one. In Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, language is used as a tool by the government to manipulate the populace. Even more, it turns into a potent tool for subjugating and dominating Oceania people. The English Socialist Party (or INGSOC in Newspeak) invented a simplified form of Standard English called Newspeak, which is solely used by and by INGSOC party members. In Nineteen Eighty Four, it is shown that the consequences of adopting Newspeak as Standard English will be catastrophic for the entire system of oral and written communication. In George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, the fictional Oceania language of Newspeak is designed to stifle human speech, feeling, and cognition. Language is seen in Nineteen Eighty-Four as a tool for praising, worshipping, and ensuring the success of the state or Big Brother. Newspeak adheres to the ideology of the ruling party and was developed by and for the English Socialist Party (or INGSOC). By forcing party members into blind obedience and unquestioning devotion for everything that is the trinity of Oceania, Big Brother, and INSOC, INGSOC encourages oppression and ignorance. O'Brien, an upper party member who supervises Winston's torture and conversion during the novel's finale, describes the government's worldview. Big Brother, he claims, "is not satisfied with negative obedience, not even with the most abject devotion.  They transform him, seize his subconscious, and remake him. They purge him of all evil and delusion; they win him over to their side truly, from the bottom of their hearts; (Orwell, 2008: 255), By developing Newspeak to achieve this purpose, the government is able to keep an uncomfortable amount of surveillance on its party members, who only have a small amount of empty space inside their skulls (around 15 cubic millimeters ) (Orwell, 2008: 27). The Principles of Newspeak by George Orwell, which can be found at the end of the book, states that by the year 2050, all party members should be using Newspeak exclusively (Orwell, 2008: It is the act of accepting the discomfort felt when holding two or more competing concepts, beliefs, values, or emotional responses—or when holding two mutually exclusive views—as true, frequently in different social contexts. While neutrality and hypocrisy are related, it is not. George Orwell is credited with creating the term "doublethink". In his dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four,  term doublethink used by orwell   which is used in Newspeak. The novel defines doublethink as: "To know and not know; to be conscious of total truthfulness while telling skillfully planned lies; to possess simultaneously two thoughts that cancelled each other out; to be aware of two contradictary ideas at the same time; to use logic against logic; to reject morality while claiming to uphold it; to believe that democracy was impossibly difficult and that the Party was its protector; to forget, whatever it was necessary." The ultimate sophistication was to deliberately induce unconsciousness, and then, once again, to become unconscious of the act of hypnosis you had just committed. This was accomplished by recalling the information from memory when it was needed, and then swiftly forgetting it again. Doublethink was used even to comprehend the word "doublethink." (Orwell 2008, p. 40)

Even with the effective employment of various forms of mind control to bind and control the populace, Oceania's government doesn't stop there. It continues to work on all facets of residents' lives to crush any notion of opposition, and this through various forms of surveillance in addition to a heavy dose of sexual inhibition. Similar to propaganda and the use of deceptive language, surveillance permeates the entire novel. Panoptical and covert surveillance are the two basic categories of surveillance. Interiorized self-surveillance is panoptical surveillance. One filters themselves because they think they are being watched in order to avoid being unconventional because it would be bad to be found out. It is conceivable for an unexpected spy to learn what someone really believes when they assume they are in a private environment where they are not being watched. Surreptitious surveillance relies on this opposing belief to operate. Jeremy Bentham coined the phrase "panopticon" to describe a structure where a single inspector could keep an eye on a large number of residents from a single location. In the anticipation of inspection, inhabitants would refrain from undesirable and punishable actions. It is not necessary for residents to be under observation at all times for this effect to take place; rather, "the persons to be inspected should always consider themselves as if under examination, at least as standing a great probability of being so" is all that is required (Bentham, 1995: 43). This is referred to by Bentham as "the inspection principle" (Bentham, 1995: 94), which is distinct from the panopticon, a building or system (such as one that uses cameras) that allows for constant surveillance. If those under surveillance were unaware that they were being watched, ubiquitous surveillance would not violate the inspection principle. On the other hand, it would be activated if people thought they were being scrutinised even though they weren't. Bentham made a distinction between panoptical and covert surveillance, the latter of which he credited with having the ability to "pry into the innermost recesses of the human heart" and ascertain what individuals were actually thinking.  ( Bentham, 1995; 94). He was content if panopticons performed explicitly in accordance with norms, whether they believed them or not, therefore he had no need for this type of surveillance. Panopticism prevents speech and activity, while surreptitious surveillance monitors people's speech and behaviour when they are unrestrained in the (illusory) belief that they are in a private setting in order to find out what they really think or believe. Thus, it only functions—and can function—if the individual being watched holds beliefs that are in opposition to those required for panoptic surveillance. For instance, Winston self-censors himself when he thinks he is in front of a camera. He puts on an orthodox façade to hide his views and thoughts, and he even tries to avoid thinking anything that isn't orthodox should he unintentionally reveal himself. He lost any ability to tell what his true beliefs are. But when he thinks he's out of sight of the camera, he loses inhibitions and acts and thinks freely, exposing what he actually thinks. Sex is as potent a tool in the hands of the party in Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four as the repressive and manipulative tools and techniques outlined above. It fulfils two functions. In the dystopian world, the all-powerful government primarily manipulates its population through regulating their sexual behaviour. The novel's heroes, however, defy the sexual expectations of their society in an effort to rebel and achieve personal independence. In the end, the government prevails over the rebellious citizens' disobedience and compels them to submit. . In his book Nineteen Eighty Four, George Orwell explores the use of sex as a tool for controlling the government, a manifestation of personal freedom, and a method of rebellion against an all-powerful state that falls short. In Nineteen Eighty-Four, the government utilises sex to exert control over its citizens and divert their attention away from rebellion and toward socially acceptable feelings. In the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, having intercourse is an evil act carried out with the intention of giving birth to obedient Party members as adults. Katherine, Winston's wife, is the epitome of Party philosophy; despite her dislike of having sex with Winston, she insists on engaging in the act once a week out of loyalty to the Party. . Despite her distaste, Katherine's actions reveal how deeply ingrained the Party's ideology is, which Winston sums up as "Sexual intercourse was to be looked on as a little nasty minor surgery, like having an enema" (Orwell, 2008: 65). The Party, like any totalitarian regime, promotes a war mindset, especially among party members, in addition to using widespread monitoring and severe sexual oppression to crush any thought of resistance and revolt. Although these participants are aware that some war reports are inaccurate or that there is no genuine conflict, it is nevertheless possible for them to believe in the existence of the war and the possibility of triumph through the use of doublethink. There are Hate Weeks, songs of hatred directed at the enemy, and enormous posters of enemy soldiers that are shown everywhere. The people of Oceania eagerly anticipate the parades of prisoners of war, who are savagely jeered by the public, during the Hate Weeks. Another venue is the Two Minutes Hate, where propaganda movies are frequently shown to a crowd that gathers there during specific hours of the day.

 

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