For verification of this paper, please visit on http://www.socialresearchfoundation.com/resonance.php#8

Etymologically, mycology is the study of mushrooms (Greek: Mykes; mushroom, logos: to study ) from time immemorial fungi has the objects of wonder and speculation. Mushrooms were also popular among potters and sculptors. A set of ancient stone sculptures (999 B.C.-190 A.D.), having designs of mushrooms have been discovered and collected from Guatemala and other Central American countries. (Wasson and Wasson, 1957; Lowe, 1971). Human's interest in fungi started very early with the observation of the fairy forest flour beautiful and umbrella-shaped mushrooms and toadstools growing on soils producing fairy rings. Because these were attached to the soil resembling plants, they were regarded as plants. The ancient Romans and Greeks were well informed about fungi and mushroom than surely their less civilized contemporaries and were fond of truffles morels, mushrooms and puff-balls. Mushrooms became delicacies that were the only food for wealthy people insisted on cooking themselves. Many cases of accidental mushroom poisoning were also happened to ancient Greeks and Romans about 600 B.C. Evil ferments of the earth was name for some of the mushrooms. The edible members are called mushrooms, while the poisonous non-edible are termed as toadstools. The term toadstool is a distortion of the German name toadstool which literally stands death chair. The deadly toxins of the toadstools made them sure poisons. Roman emperor Claudius Caesar (A.D. 54) was killed and murdered by his own wife who mixed food with Amanita phalloides (Wasson and Wasson, 1957). The clear identification of the edible and non edible poisonous varieties of mushrooms is very essential for mycophagists. Dinocarids, Greek physician enlisted the differences between the edible and non edible poisonous mushrooms is an interesting fact. Most Mushrooms and Macro fungi are those that form large fructifications which are observable without the help of the microscope and include Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes with large observable and spore bearing structures. Fungi belonging to various taxonomic categories and producing conspicuous fruiting bodies are collectively known as macro fungi which include gilled fungi, truffles, coral fungi, jelly fungi, stink fungi, bracket fungi, bird's nest, puffballs and soil inhabiting and macro fungal diversity is an essential and important component of the global biodiversity, particularly community diversity, which is an integral part of fungal diversity. Mushrooms are earliest form of fungi known to mankind and widespread in nature and wild habitats they still remain the main heterotrophs. Wild edible mushrooms are the most important natural food requirements and resources on which majority of the people rely and play a key role in nutrition. Fungi play a critical and significant role in industry, bioremediation and textiles food industry agriculture, medicine. The diversity and variety of mushroom with their natural inhabit are under threat within the entire world and India has been a treasure for these fungi. Mushrooms are large and a wide group of fleshy fungi, which include Guchis, Oysters Mushrooms, Morels Trufffles, Gilled fungi and Bracket fungi, Fairy rings, Toadstools, Clubs, Puffballs, Stinkhorns, Earthstars, Bird's nest fungi and Jelly fungi. Generally, they are saprophytes, however some members are severe workers of decomposition and wood decay. All types of saprophytic fungi and mushrooms are important in decomposition and decay processes, due to their ability to degrade cellulose and other such polymers. Some mushrooms are also found growing in symbolic association with trees of a particular group. Mushrooms had been extensively and deeply studied in the European countries, whereas tropical countries like our (India) especially in central India (Amarkantak Forest, M.P. and Rajasthan) they were less explored. The variety and diversity of fungi are common in Rajasthan and found more in Amarkantak region of central India.

Caesar-TonThat and V.L. Cochran (1999) studied the effects of a saprophytic lignin decomposer basidiomycetes fungi from plants litter on soil aggregation and stabilization. The basidiomycetes produced huge quantities of non-water-soluble, extracellular polymers that bind the soil particles. Reverchon et al., (2010) have studied saprophytic fungi as decomposers of forest litter, their diversity influenced by the spatial heterogeneity and variations of substrates. They examined saprophytic community structure and composition in a volcanic soil strata. Reenu Chouhan et al., (2010) studied mushroom species namely Boletus rubellus and Calocybe ionides. Yun Wang et al., (2012) Studied progress in the cultivation of edible basidiomycetes and mycorrhizal mushrooms, especially species of Tricholoma,  and Rhizopogon were examined for the development and optimization of mycorrhize.
Muszewska et al., (2014) studied fungal infections caused by zygomycoses. Zygomycetes are capable of infecting hosts. Often follows a progressive pattern including angio invasion and metastases. Lundell et al, (2014) studies and saprophytic wood-decaying fungi. Majority species belonging to the fungal phylum Basidiomycota. Saprobic plant litter-decomposing fungi were species of Basidiomycetes and  Ascomycetes. Murata et al., (2015) Studied ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes Tricholoma matsutake. Amandeep K et al., (2015) Studied the taxonomy of nine species of fungi. Balaes & Tanase (2016) The study aimed to investigate the potential of the basidiomycetes species to be used for agents for biocontrol of nematodes.  
Al-Sadi et al., (2017) explored fifty fungal species recovered from the three dam soils, names Aspergillus, Penicillium and Trichoderma. Wallen&Perlin (2018)studied in higher eukaryotes, meiosis and the production of gametes with allelic combinations. All mating systems identified so far in the Dikaryon uses a pheromone-receptor system for haploid organisms to recognize a compatible mating partner in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Meena et al., (2020) Examined Mushrooms, which exists in nature and an important integral part of the ecosystem. They are the macro fungi which have fleshy and leathery with umbrella like fructifications, which bear their spore producing surface either on lamellae (gills) or lining the tubes. Hadibarata&Yuniarto (2020) studied fungi isolates were subjected to the screening of high Laccase enzyme activity by four different indicators test.

I. Observation Methods For field growing saprophytic fungi, mushroom and toadstools normal observation method was done. In soil live numerous types of organisms including fungi, which are the individual units and populations. Fungi isolated from soil are termed as soil fungi. Some of them isolated only from soil are typical soil fungi, and the others are, readily and most frequently may isolated from other habitats. Fungi from the underground parts, such as especially associated with soil borne diseases are typical soil fungi. Some fungi may be isolated from dung in soil, and may also be classifed as one of the coprophilous soil fungi. The fungi isolated from aerial plant materials, wood rottening saprophytic fruiting bodies etc. are studied. Culture media is a mixture of nutrients or substances used for cultivation of microorganisms in the laboratory. Most fungi grown in culture medium containing a high sugar source, nitrogen materials, pH of 5-6, and a temperature range between 16-36°C There are two main general types of culture media: natural and synthetic. Natural culture media are composed of natural materials for fungi such as herbaceous or woody stems, leaves, seeds, corn meal, wheat, oat and germ meal. II. Culture Media Used a. Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) Medium: Peeled and sliced potatoes: 200 g, Dextrose: 20 g, Agar: 15 g, Distilled water: 1000 ml. 200gm sliced potato added to 500ml of distilled water later simmer for 20-25 minutes. Potato extract was filtered with and through muslin cloth. Other ingredients were added to the filtrate to bring the volume upto 1000ml and then boiled and followed by autoclaved at 15psi for 20 minutes. b. Corn Meal Agar (CMA) Medium: Few fungi have been grown on this kind of culture medium and induced sporulation) Corn meal: 20 g, Peptone:20 g, Dextrose: 20 g, Agar: 15 g, Distilled water: 1000 ml. Corn meal added to the 500ml water and simmered for 30 minutes to 1hour. Later filtered through muslin cloth and other ingredients were added to the filtrate. The volume were brought upto 1000ml and then boiled. Then autoclaved at 15 psi for 20 minutes. III. Identification Method used for fungal species: Pure Fungal colonies may help us to identify the fungi more easily when they are together. Fungus species have been identified on the basis of comparing morphological characteristics with those of the known species. Later, observed under high power and low power compound microscope at (10×,40× and 100×). Fungal colonies were characterized and identified as follows : 1. Growth: restricted or spreading 2. Margin: irregular or smooth 3. Pattern: fowery or radiate or arachnoid or zonate 4. Smell or fragrance of the culture 5. Color and tint on colony surface and reverse (Standard color charts, Rayner, 1970 and Ridgway, 1912). 6. Surface structure: aerial hyphae quantity or cottony or crustaceous, embedded.

Fungi are heterotrophs on external supply of readymade organic material. Fungal nutrition is absorptive. Ingestive is restricted only to the few slime moulds unlike animals, which are also heterotrophs,. The hyphae are in direct contact with the substrates and absorb dissolved and extra cellularly digested food molecules, such as simple sugars, triglycerides, fatly acids and amino acids. Insoluble substances and macromolecules like polysaccharides, fats and proteins and are first broken into smaller units or the soluble monomers. This is called digestion and is achieved by extra-cellular extra cellular enzymatic actions.
Fungi are extremely diverse in their nutritional requirements. Except few fluorine containing plastics, PCBs and a few detergents, there is nothing else, which cannot be degraded by fungi for nutrition. Naturally, There are numerous digestive enzymes, required to cope with varied organic materials. Fungal saprotrophism and fungal parasitism are important subjects, which are studied in great depth. Fungi abound in the soil and survive on dead plant or animal remains or organic things leached out exuded from plant or animal tissues. On the other hand parasitic fungi. invade living tissues. It is their ability to invade living cells/tissues that distinguishes parasites from saprobes. There is a categories of course, in which both modes of survival. Obligate parasites (powdery mildews and downy mildews rusts, smuts) can survive only on their hosts, but there are many fungi, which can exists both as saprophytes and parasites, as their need. These are called facultative parasites. Physiology and biochemistry of parasitism is an extensive and independent area of study. Studies on fungal saprobism, however, is receiving attention at the hands of fungal ecobiologist. The role of fungi in soil ecology and soil fertility has become an interesting are of study, and a wide range of information is now available. Physiology of obligate parasitism had been a challenge to biochemists, who were working to culture them in laboratory cultures. This enabled better experimentation with these fungi and conclusions in the area of fungal physiology and biochemistry, culture and ecological behavior.
Total 20 species of saprophytic fungi were explored and studied mostly belonging to saprophytic, coprophilous and naturally growing mushrooms in members of saprophytic genera of Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and  Zygomycetes. The check list of these important fungal species recorded is mensioned below. Aspergillus niger (Trichocomaceae), Aspergillus eucalyplicola (Trichocomaceae), Morchella esculenta (Morchellaceae), Aspergillus flavus (Trichocomaceae), Which are members of Ascomycetes.
Zygomycetes are represented by Mucor mucedo (Mucoracea), Rhizopus stolonifer (Mucoraceae), Rhizopus nigricans (Mucoraceae), Rhizopus artocarpi (Mucoraceae), Rhizopus arrhizus (Mucoraceae), Pilobolous crystallinus (Pilobolaceae) and few are representative of Basidiomycetes including  Agaricus bisporus (Agaricaceae), Amanita phalloids (Amanitaceae), Amanita pantherina (Amanitaceae), Flammulina filiformis (Amanitaceae), Botelus edulis  (Boletaceae ), Pleurotus ostreatus (Pleurotaceae), Calocybe indica (Lyophyllaceae), Psilocybe cubensis (Hymenogastraceae),  Amanita muscaria (Amanitaceae),  Galerina marginata (Hymenogastraceae).
Table : Check list of these important fungal species recorded:

S.NO.	CLASS	NAME OF        SPECIES
1.	Ascomycetes	Aspergillus niger
		Aspergillus flavus
		Aspergillus eucalyplicola
		Morchella esculenta
2.	Zygomycetes	Mucor mucedo
		Rhizopus stolonifer
		Rhizopus nigricans
		Rhizopus artocarpi
		Rhizopus arrhizus
		Pilobolus crystallinus
3.	Basidiomycetes	Agaricus bisporus
		Amanita phalloides
		Amanita muscaria
		Amanita pantherina
		Flammulina filiformis
		Botelus edulis
		Pleurotus ostreatus
		Calocybe indica
		Psilocybe cubensis
		Galerinama rginata

 

Fig.: Relative Strength of species  of Saprophytes

Table : Showing total no. of Genera and species

Fungal Class	No of Genera	No. of Species
Ascomycetes	2	4
Basidiomycetes	9	10
Zygomycetes	3	6

 

Fig.: Relative Strength of species of Saprophytic classes

Table : Showing total no. of Genera

Fungal Class	No of Genera
Ascomycetes	2
Basidiomycetes	9
Zygomycetes	3

 

Fig.: Relative Strength of species  of Saprophytic classes

Table showing 20 species and their families

S.NO.	SCENTIFIC NAMES	FAMILY	CLASS
1.	Aspergillus niger	Trichocomaceae	Ascomycetes
2.	Aspergillus eucalyplicola	Trichocomaceae	Ascomycetes
3.	Morchella esculenta	Morchellaceae	Ascomycetes
4.	Aspergillus flavus	Trichocomaceae	Ascomycetes
5.	Mucor mucedo	Mucoraceae	Zygomycetes
6.	Rhizopus stolonifera	Mucoraceae	Zygomycetes
7.	Rhizopus nigricans	Mucoraceae	Zygomycetes
8.	Rhizopus artocarpi	Mucoraceae	Zygomycetes
9.	Rhizopus arrhizus	Mucoraceae	Zygomycetes
10.	Pilobolouscrystallinus	Pilobolaceae	Zygomycetes
11.	Agaricus bisporus	Agaricaceae	Basidiomycetes
12.	Amanita phalloids	Amanitaceae	Basidiomycetes
13.	Amanita pantherina	Amanitaceae	Basidiomycetes
14.	Flammulina filiformis	Physalacriaceae	Basidiomycetes
15.	Botelus edulis	Boletaceae	Basidiomycetes
16.	Pleurotus ostreatus	Pleurotaceae	Basidiomycetes
17.	Calocybe indica	Lyophyllaceae	Basidiomycetes
18.	Psilocybe cubensis	Hymenogastraceae	Basidiomycetes
19.	Amanita muscaria	Amanitaceae	Basidiomycetes
20.	Galerina marginata	Hymenogastraceae	Basidiomycetes

1. Ainsworth, G. C., &Sussman, A. S. (1966). The Fungi. An advanced treatise. Vol. II. The fungal organism. The Fungi. An advanced treatise. Vol. II. The fungal organism 2. Amandeep, K., Atri, N. S., &Munruchi, K. (2015). Taxonomic study on the coprophilous mushrooms from Punjab, India: new records of family Agaricaceae. Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology, 5(1), 27-45. 3. Badaluddin, N. A., Jamaluddin, S. N. T., Ihsam, N. S., Sajili, M. H., Khalit, S. I., & Mohamed, N. A. (2018). Molecular identification of isolated fungi from Kelantan and Terengganu using internal transcriber spacer (ITS) region. Journal of Agrobiotechnology, 9(1S), 222-231. 4. Balaeș, T. I. B. E. R. I. U. S., &Tănase, C. Ă. T. Ă. L. I. N. (2016). Basidiomycetes as potential biocontrol agents against nematodes. Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 21(1), 11185. 5. Bold, H. C., Alexopoulos, C. J., &Delevoryas, T. (1980). Morphology of plants and fungi (No. BOOK). Harper & Row, Publishers. 6. Caesar-TonThat, T. C., & Cochran, V. L. (1999). Role of a saprophytic Basidiomycete soil fungus in aggregate stabilization. Sustaining the Global Farm. 10th International Soil Conservation Organization Meeeting held, 575-579. 7. Carlile, M. J., Watkinson, S. C., & Gooday, G. W. (2001). The fungi. Gulf Professional Publishing. 8. Chouhan, R., Kaur, S., &Gehlot, P. (2010). Some new records of mushroom from India. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 40(4), 550. 9. Chouhan, R., Panwar, C., & Kaur, S. (2021). Taxonomic Study on Some Agaricales of Rajasthan, India-New Reports. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 10(02), 816-825. 10. Cullings, K., &Hanely, J. (2010). Dwarf mistletoe effects on soil basidiomycete community structure, soil fungal functional diversity, and soil enzyme function: Implications for climate change. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 42(11), 1976-1981 11. Dighton, J., & White, J. F. (2017). The fungal community: its organization and role in the ecosystem. CRC press. 12. Dix, N. J. (Ed.). (2012). Fungal ecology. Springer Science & Business Media. 13. Djemiel, C., Grec, S., & Hawkins, S. (2017). Characterization of bacterial and fungal community dynamics by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) metabarcoding during flax dew-retting. Frontiers in microbiology, 8, 2052. 14. Francioli, D., van Rijssel, S. Q., van Ruijven, J., Termorshuizen, A. J., Cotton, T. E., Dumbrell, A. J., & Mommer, L. (2021). Plant functional group drives the community structure of saprophytic fungi in a grassland biodiversity experiment. Plant and Soil, 461(1), 91-105. 15. Hadibarata, T., &Yuniarto, A. (2020). Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by high-laccase basidiomycetes fungi isolated from tropical forest of Borneo. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 28, 101717. 16. Jones, E. B. G., Sakayaroj, J., Suetrong, S., Somrithipol, S., & Pang, K. L. (2009). Classification of marine Ascomycota, anamorphic taxa and Basidiomycota. Fungal Diversity, 35(1), 187. 17. Madan, M., &Thind, K. S. (1998). Physiology of fungi. APH Publishing. 18. Meena, B., Sivakumar, V., & Praneetha, S. (2020). Prospects of biodiversity and distribution of mushroom fungi in India. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 13(1), 078-085. 19. Mihál, I., Blanár, D., &Glejdura, S. (2012). New, rare and less known slime molds and fungi (Myxomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota) found in Central Slovakia. Folia oecol, 39, 121-129. 20. Murata, H., Ohta, A., Yamada, A., Horimai, Y., Katahata, S., Yamaguchi, M., &Neda, H. (2015). Monokaryotic hyphae germinated from a single spore of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Tricholomamatsutake. Mycoscience, 56(3), 287-292. 21. Muszewska, A., Pawłowska, J., &Krzyściak, P. (2014). Biology, systematics, and clinical manifestations of Zygomycota infections. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 33(8), 1273-1287. 22. Reverchon, F., María del Ortega-Larrocea, P., & Pérez-Moreno, J. (2010). Saprophytic fungal communities change in diversity and species composition across a volcanic soil chronosequence at Sierra del Chichinautzin, Mexico. Annals of microbiology, 60(2), 217-226 23. Samson, R. A., Hoekstra, E. S., & Van Oorschot, C. A. (1981). Introduction to food-borne fungi. Centraalbureauvoor Schimmelcultures. 24. Taylor, J. W., Swann, E. C., &Berbee, M. L. (1994). Molecular evolution of ascomycete fungi: phylogeny and conflict. In Ascomycete systematics (pp. 201-212). Springer, Boston, MA. 25. Verma, R. K., Mishra, S. N., Pandro, V., & Thakur, A. K. (2018). Diversity and distribution of Calvatia species in India: a new record from central India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science, 7(9), 2540-2551. 26. Wallen, R. M., &Perlin, M. H. (2018). An overview of the function and maintenance of sexual reproduction in dikaryotic fungi. Frontiers in microbiology, 9, 503. 27. Wang, Y., Cummings, N., & Guerin-Laguette, A. (2012). Cultivation of basidiomycete edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms: Tricholoma, Lactarius, and Rhizopogon. In Edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms (pp. 281-304). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg