For verification of this paper, please visit on http://www.socialresearchfoundation.com/resonance.php#8

In India, pollution in most of the rivers has reached to its disaster point. Many rivers, including the great Ganga, have been impacted by a large human population and anthropogenic activities such as urban, industrial, and agricultural activity. Approximately 37% of Indians live along the Ganges River. About 47% of India's total irrigated land is supported by the Ganga. Factors Contributing to Ganga Pollution 1. Resistance River Flows: Due to depletion of huge amount of solid waste into the river, it gets immersed beneath a river and when the time passes with continuously water flow sand and garbage develop heap of trash, which create the barrier in the flow of river 2. Religious factor: Crowd bathing in the Ganga during holidays is another unsustainable custom. When thousands of people visit Ganga snan, the enhancement occur in B.O.D significantly. The riverbeds burned body parts; partly burned remains are often dropped into the river. After performing religious rituals, individuals immerse objects like flowers, ash, and antique figurines in the Ganges for esoteric purposes. 3. Managing agriculture and solid waste :Due to increasing demand and decreasing production, many agricultural activities are occurring in our country. People employ hazardous fertilisers and chemicals that poison the water and kill all the bacteria in the soil. Water contamination is caused by pesticides like atrazine, benomyl, and linuron, among others. DDT is the major risk to the Ganga. Plastic is widely used and in huge amount along with other rubbish are dumped into the Ganga in urban areas.

1. Singh and Suthar (2021) discovered the incidence of fifteen different PPCPs (pharmaceuticals and personal care products) (diclofenac, ketoprofen, acetaminophen, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, metoprolol, ibuprofen, amoxicillin, salicylic acid, ofloxacin, N, N diethyl-meta-toluamide, triclosan, β-Estradiol, and caffeine) belongs to 8 various classes in an urban stretch of Ganga River were detected for three seasons in 2 sacred urban regions Haridwar and Rishikesh (India). Higher amounts of PPCPs were found in the more anthropogenic sources affected portions of the Ganges River at Haridwar, where the amount varied from Below Detectable Limit (BDL) to 1104.8 ng/L overall. The most common substances to be detected in the river were triclosan, N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), tetracycline, caffeine and acetaminophen (>90 to100 percent).

2. In October 2016, Kamboj et al., (2016) conducted a study to compare the WQ of the river Ganga. Samples were taken from 4 distinct ritual bathing Ghats along the Ganga River: site 1 Swarg Ashram Ghat in Rishikesh, site 2 Goa Beach in Rishikesh (control Site), site 3 Shukratal Ghat in Shukrata and site 4 Hari ki Pauri Ghat in Haridwar. To examine the physical and chemical as well as bacteriological features, water samples were taken from 4 distinct ceremonial bathing Ghats.

3. Mishra et., (2009) determined the optimum specified purpose of the stream water for different objectives, ecological characteristics PO4- 3, including NO3-, DO, pH, and bacterial population were analysed and compared with standard acceptable limits. A study found that water in Varanasi was not appropriate for human and animal intake. The results revealed that the levels of FC (20.9 x 103 per 100 mL), FS (93 x 103 per 100 mL), TC (25.4 x 103 per 100 mL), Clostridium perfringens (396/100mL), total bacterial density (1.43 x 103 per L), and E. coli (6.9 x 103 per 100 mL), were substantially high and much beyond the permissible limit of WHO and ISI

4. Abed and Jazie (2014) investigated the Ganga River WQ research in order to document any significant shift that may have occurred over the course of 3 months in a row of sampling in 2013. A thorough investigation has been done to determine the Ganga's WQ in Varanasi. Thirty-six samples of water were gathered and examined for physio-chemical characteristics from 4 sampling stations: the Bypass Bridge upstream, Raj Ghat bridge, Dashswamedh Ghat, and Assi Ghat downstream (Temp, hardness, TDS, BOD, DO, pH, and free CO2).

5. The research by Singh and Katiyar (2020) includes assessments to track the pertinent physiochemical and biological pollution markers in the water system of evaluation of the system's polluted states, choice, and estimation of the system's capacity to absorb the current pollution load. The EC, pH, temperature, total hardness, alkalinity, and calcium hardness were all found to be within the allowable range, according to the findings on the physiochemical characteristics of water from 10 distinct places in the cities of Varanasi and Prayagraj along the Ganga River

6. The samples of water were taken periodically from 9 chosen locations along the central section of the Ganga River from Haridwar to Kanpur by Kumar et al., (2019). During the hot season (March to June), dry season (Nov to Jan), and wet season (July to Sept) seasons from November 2016 to September 2017, the velocity, temperature, hardness, alkalinity, pH, DO, BOD, and COD, as well as analysis of heavy metal of sediment and water samples, all were examined. By using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, the levels of Pb, Cu, Cd, and Cr were examined. Using WHO and BIS criteria, the WQI measured the quality of the water.

 

Hazardous organic compounds known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may be arranged in clusters, lines, or angles. They range from naphthalene to coronene, with molecular weights ranging from 128 to 278. They contain 2-7 fused carbon rings that may have substitution groups attached. They are found worldwide in terrestrial, aquatic systems, and atmospheric and typically have low vapor pressure (Albers 2002, Scally 2005, Kumar et al., 2014). Some examples of petrogenic PHAs are Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene, Dibenzothiophene and pyrogenic PHAs are Anthracene , Benzo(a)anthracene, Fluoranthene, pyrene and Benzo9a)anthracene.

Comparision of petrogenic PAHs .

S.No	Petrogenic PAHs  (µg/l)	Haridwar district	Varanasi district
1	Naphthalene	12.5	14.7
2	Acenaphthylene	1.2	1.18
3	Fluorene	1.12	1.3
4	Phenanthrene	0.92	1
5	Dibenzothiophene	0.97	0.82

Comparision of pyrogenic PAHs .

S.No	pyrogenic PAHs  (µg/l)	Haridwar district	Varanasi district
1	Anthracene	0.2	0.28
2	Benzo(b)fluoranthene	0.04	0.07
3	Fluoranthene	0.65	0.69
4	Pyrene	0.07	0.09
5	Benzo(a)anthracene	0.75	0.87

1. Singh, V., & Suthar, S. (2021). Occurrence, seasonal variations, and ecological risk of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in River Ganges at two holy cities of India. Chemosphere, 268, 129331. Singh, V., & Suthar, S. (2021).
2. Kamboj, N., Bharti, M., Kamboj, V., Rani, A., & Sharma, S. (2016). A comparative study of physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters of three different ritual bathing ghats of Ganga River in India. ESSENCEInternational Journal for Environmental Rehabilita
3. Mishra, A., Mukherjee, A., & Tripathi, B. D. (2009). Seasonal and temporal variations in physico-chemical and bacteriological characteristics of River Ganga in Varanasi.
4. Abed, S. A., & Jazie, A. A. (2014). Assessment of some physico-chemical properties for water in Ganga River at Varanasi, India. Al-Qadisiya Journal for Engineering Sciences, 7(2), 148-64.
5. Singh, K., & Katiyar, M. (2020). Microbial components and physio-chemical parameters of river Ganga, Prayagraj and Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. Int. J, 2, 69-78
6. Kumar, A., Mishra, S., Taxak, A. K., Pandey, R., & Yu, Z. G. (2019). Nature rejuvenation: Long-term (1989– 2016) vs short-term memory approach based appraisal of water quality of the upper part of Ganga River, India. Environmental technology & innovation, 20, 101164..