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Effect of Different Sources
and Levels of Zinc on the Yield, Quality and Growth of Wheat |
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| Paper Id :
17901 Submission Date :
07/07/2023 Acceptance Date :
21/07/2023 Publication Date :
25/07/2023
This is an open-access research paper/article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. For verification of this paper, please visit on
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| Abstract |
A field study entitled “Effect of different sources and
levels of zinc on theyield , quality andgrowthof wheat” was conducted during
Rabi 2021-2022 at Wheat Research Unit, Dr.Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth,
Akola.The experimental soil collected from the wheat research unit field was
slightly alkaline in reaction, medium in organic carbon, moderately calcareous,
low in available N, medium in available P, remarkably high in available K,
marginal in available S, and sufficient in micronutrients but deficient in
Zn.The significantly highestyield,test weight, carbohydrates, and protein
content were observed in the treatment of soil application of RDF + soil
application of ZnSO4 @ 30 kg ha-1 along with a recommended dose of fertilizer
(RDF) at the time of sowing recorded the highest wheat grain and straw yield. |
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| Keywords | Wheat, Zinc Sources (ZnSO4,Zn–EDTA), Quality Parameters (Protein, Carbohydrate). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Introduction | Wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) is an annual plant of the Poaceae
family. It is the most widely cultivated staple food crop in the world. It is
the second particularly important food crop consumed next to rice and
contributes to the extent of 25 per cent of the total food grain production of
the country. Wheat is called as “King of cereals.” The main species of wheat
are common wheat (Triticum aestivumL..), Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.),
and Emmer wheat(Triticum dicoccumSchrank).In India , wheat stands second in
consideration to area and production after rice(FAOSTAT 2021). Katkaret al.
(2013) experimented and give district-wise deficiency of micronutrients in
Vidarbha. In all 498 soil samples were collected from 83 villages in 07 tehsils
from the Akola districts where Akola shows 70.5% Zn deficiency. Zinc research
in soil and plant carried out in the state is scattered, inadequate and could
not give a clear picture of zinc nutrition in major crops and soils. In
Maharashtra state, isolated attempts were made to work out a critical level of
zinc in the soil and plants. Zinc is an important micronutrient and wheat is an
important food grain crop. It is essential to evaluate the effect of different
sources and levels of zinc on wheat yield, quality and uptake. Zinc (Zn)
deficiency appears to be the most widespread and frequent micronutrient
deficiency problem in crop and pasture plants worldwide, resulting in severe
losses in yield and nutritional quality. This is particularly the case in
cereal production areas. It is estimated that nearly half the soils on which
cereals are grown have available Zn low enough to cause Zn deficiency. Since
cereal grains have inherently low Zn concentrations, growing them on these
potentially Zn-deficient soils further decreases the grain Zn concentration. It
is therefore not surprising that the well-documented Zn deficiency problem in
humans occurs predominantly in the countries/regions such as India, China,
Pakistan, and Turkey where soils are low in available Zn, where cereals are the
major source of calorie intake (Alloway, 2008). |
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| Aim of study |
To study the effect of different sources and levels of zinc
on the growth ,yield and quality of wheat. |
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| Review of Literature | India occupies 329 million hectares of
land and area wise it ranks seventh in the world with 17% population and 2.5%
world area. Omnibus signs are that by 2050 India will become the most populous
nation in the world. These become a great challenge to fulfill the demand by
increasing the food grain quality and production. Efficient fertilizer
management is very important factor to enhance the yield potential. Zinc an
essential element for the normal growth and development of plants. It plays
vital role in enzyme activation and also involved in the biosynthesis of some
enzymes and growth hormones (Marschner, 1995). Zinc deficiency is a very
important nutrient problem in the Indian soils. Total Zn concentration is
sufficient in many agricultural areas, but available Zn concentration is
deficient because of different soil and climatic conditions. Soil pH, lime
content, organic matter amount, clay type and amount and the amount of applied
phosphorus fertilizer affect the available Zn concentration in soil (Adiloglu&Adiloglu,
2006) [2] . In soil Zn deficiency is very common in cereal based cropping
system (Cakmak, 2002) [4] . Zinc deficiency is a prevalent micronutrient
deficiency in wheat, leading to severe reduction in wheat production and
nutritional quality of grains (Cakmak et al., 1996) [5] . Wheat is the most
widely grown cereal crop in the world and as a staple food it is second only to
rice in consumption. Generally, the regions with severe zinc-deficient soils
are also the regions where zinc deficiency in human beings is very common.
Therefore, there is a great need to improve cereal crops with adequate zinc
nutrition. (Adil et al., 2022) stated that the ZnO nanoparticles applied at the
time of sowing had a positive effect on the wheat yield under salt stress.
Rehman et al.,(2020) reported that Zn application through soil , foliage
or seed treatment methods improves the Zn concentration in whole grain as well
as in different seed parts such as endosperm , aleurone layer and embryo. |
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| Main Text |
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| Methodology | The field experiment was conducted at the Wheat Research
Unit, Dr.Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, during the rabi season
2021 – 22. Akola is situated in the subtropical zone and is located at the
latitude of 20° 70’ 02” North and longitude of 77° 00’ 81” East, at an altitude
of 307.42 m above mean sea level (MSL). The experimental field is situated at
the latitude of 20° 41' 36.2" North and longitude 77° 02' 07.5" East
at the altitude of 30.78 m above mean sea level (MSL). Grain yield: Five plants
from respective plots were harvested, threshed and grains were collected. The
weight of grains was recorded and expressed as q ha-1. Straw yield: The weight
of the husk was calculated by deducting grain weight from the total weight of
the crop and was expressed as q ha-1. |
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| Result and Discussion | Effect of different sources and levels of zinc on grain and straw yield of wheat The
data about grain and straw yield is presented in Table 1. and depicted in Fig.
1. The
significantly higher grain yield (43.14 q ha-1) of wheat was
observed in the treatment of soil application RDF + ZnSO4 @ 30 kg ha-1
(T3) and it was at par with treatments RDF + soil application of Zn
EDTA @ 3.0 kg ha-1 (T5), RDF + soil application of ZnSO4
@ 15 kg ha-1 (T2) and RDF + soil application of Zn EDTA @
1.5 kg ha-1 (T4). The lowest seed yield of wheat (35.98 q
ha-1) was recorded in RDF (T1). The
soil application of zinc as ZnSO4 @ 30 kg ha-1 (T3)
increased the grain yield over RDF 80:40:40 kg ha-1 (T1)
and it was significantly higher over other treatments. RDF + soil application
of Zn EDTA @ 3.0 kg ha-1 (T5), RDF + soil application of
ZnSO4 @ 15 kg ha-1 (T2) and RDF + soil
application of Zn EDTA @ 1.5 kg ha-1 (T4). increased the
grain yield over RDF respectively. RDF + Foliar application of ZnSO4
@ 1.0% at CRI, tillering and milking stage (T7), RDF + Foliar
application of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% at CRI, tillering and milking stage (T6),
RDF + Foliar application of Zn EDTA @ 0.25% at CRI, tillering and milking stage
(T8) and RDF + Foliar application of Zn EDTA @ 0.5% at CRI,
tillering and milking stage (T9), also increased over RDF
respectively. The RDF 80:40:40 NPK kg ha-1 (T1) treatment
decreased the seed yield because of the deficient nutrient content in the soil. A
similar result is in close agreement with the findings reported by Keramet
al. (2013) who reported that an increase in grain size and number of grains
per ear head has a positive correlation with grain yield. The
significantly higher wheat straw yield (65.23 q ha-1) was also
observed with RDF + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 30 kg ha-1
(T3) and it was found to be at par with RDF + soil application of Zn
EDTA @ 3.0 kg ha-1 (T5), RDF + soil application of ZnSO4
@ 15 kg ha-1 (T2) and RDF + soil application of Zn EDTA @
1.5 kg ha-1 (T4). The lowest straw yield of wheat (52.30
qha-1) was recorded in RDF 80:40:40 NPK kg ha-1 (T1)
treatment. The
increased straw yield might be due to zinc involvement in various physic-chemical
and biochemical processes. Similar results quoted by Haslett et al. (2001),
Mohammad et al. (2009), Yassenet al. (2010) and Shivayetal. (2013)
reported the increased straw yield over the RDF. Our results arein line with
Ram et al. (2012) who showed that the soil application of Zn had
economic and long-term effects onenhanced crop production on Zn-deficient
soils. Zinc is a constituent of several enzymes such as carbonic hydrogenase and also helps in the formation of growth hormones such as auxin, which promote the starch formation and seed maturation. This could be the reason for the increased grain and straw yield of wheat.
Fig. 1:Effect of different sources and levels of zinc on grain and straw yield ofwheat Effect of different sources
and levels of zinc on test weight of wheat The
data about quality parameters are presented in Table 2. and depicted in Fig. 2,
Fig. 3 and Fig.4. The
weight of grain is an important yield component and made a major contribution
to the grain yield of wheat. The higher 1000 grains weight of a crop depicts
its efficacy to store more and more photosynthates in the seed. It was seen that
seed weight was higher (44.41 g) in the treatment of RDF + soil application of
ZnSO4 @ 30 kg ha-1 (T3) and it also
contributed to the grain yield of wheat. This treatment was higher than RDF
which indicates that the application of zinc increased the grain weight but was
significantly at par with treatments such as RDF + Zn EDTA @ 3.0 kg ha-1
(T5), RDF + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 15 kg ha-1
(T2) and RDF + Zn EDTA @ 1.5 kg ha-1 (T4). The
lowest test weight (34.73 g) was seen in the treatment RDF 80:40:40 NPK kg ha-1
(T1) because the soil was deficient in most of the nutrients. The present result was supported by Abbas et al. (2009). Similarly, Khan et al. (2007) in an experiment on wheat and rice using different levels of zinc reported an increase in the 1000-grain weight of wheat significantly over the control. Effect of different sources
and levels of zinc on the content of carbohydrates in wheat Carbohydrates
are polyhydroxy organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in
which the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen is 2:1. The main sources of
carbohydrates in plants are starch (storage forms are carbohydrate) for
chlorophyll-containing plants e.g., cereals, potatoes, legumes, millets etc. It
is observed from table 2 that carbohydrate content shows significant variation
due to various micronutrient levels. Maximum carbohydrate content (65.67%) was
recorded by application of RDF + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 30 kg
ha-1 (T3). It was seen that all the treatments except
(RDF) 80:40:40 NPK kg ha-1 (T1), RDF + Foliar application
of Zn EDTA @ 0.25% at CRI, tillering and milking stage (T8) and RDF
+ Foliar application of Zn EDTA @ 0.5% at CRI, tillering and milking stage (T9).
were statistically at par with each other and the lowest carbohydrate content (54.65%)
was reported on treatment (RDF) 80:40:40 NPK kg ha-1 (T1). These
results were shown due to the application of zinc with RDF is required for
carbohydrates metabolism; most enzymes that play a role in carbohydrates
metabolism are activated by zinc. Carbonic anhydrase, fructose 1, 6 biphosphate
and aldolase enzymes are activated by zinc. These enzymes are active in the
chloroplast. The activity of these enzymes decreased zinc deficiency
conditions, in resulting carbohydrates accumulated in plant leaves. These results were supported by the
results obtained by Keramet al. (2012) who suggested that the
application of ZnSO4 with RDF will increase the carbohydrate content
in wheat. Effect of different sources
and levels of zinc on the content of protein in wheat Proteins
are complex organic compounds that are macromolecules or biomolecules composed
of amino acids linked by a peptide bond. Protein is having a relationship with
nitrogen content. Protein content (12.73%) was shown maximum in the treatment
RDF + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 30 kg ha-1 (T3)
which was due to higher nitrogen content in the grain. which was statistically
at par with treatments such as RDF + Zn EDTA @ 3.0 kg ha-1 (T5),
RDF + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 15 kg ha-1 (T2),
RDF + Zn EDTA @ 1.5 kg ha-1 (T4), RDF + Foliar
application of ZnSO4 @ 1.0% at CRI, tillering and milking stage (T7)
and RDF + Foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% at CRI, tillering and
milking stage (T6). It was observed that there was an increase in
protein content higher than treatment (RDF) 80:40:40 NPK kg ha-1 (T1)
and the lowest protein content (10.48%) was reported on treatment (RDF)
80:40:40 NPK kg ha-1 (T1). Yassenet al. (2010) observed the
increased protein content with the application of zinc and also these results
were supported by Zeidanet al. (2010). This might be due to zinc being an essential element in the enzyme structure involved in amino acid biosynthesis and because zinc is the main component of the ribosome and is essential for their development.
Fig.2:Effect of different sources and levels of zinc on test weightof wheat  Fig.3:Effect of different sources and levels of
zinc on carbohydratescontent in the
wheat
Fig. 4:Effect of different sources and levels of zinc on proteincontent in the wheat Effect of different sources and levels of
zinc on plant height of wheat The
data pertaining to the height of wheat plants on 60 DAS, 90 DAS and at harvest
is reported in Table 1. and depicted in Fig. 1. Plant
height reflects the vegetative growth behaviour of crop plants to the
environment and applied inputs. The plant tends to grow to a certain height in
each growth stage. A glance at the data would indicate that the height of
plants increased with the advancement of crop age. It was observed that the
mean plant height increased progressively and reached its maximum at harvest. Zinc
application on wheat significantly increased the plant height at 60, 90 DAS and
at harvest as compared to the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) 80:40:40 kg
ha-1 (T1). Significantly higher plant height was observed in RDF + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 30 kg ha-1 (T3) in 60 DAS, 90 DAS and at harvest observations (98.11, 101.76 and 104.26 cm) respectively.
Fig. 1:Effect of different sources and levels of zinc on plant height of wheat The
levels of zinc favourably influenced the plant height of wheat at various growth
stages. Plant height increased with an advance in the age of the crop up to
harvest. The data on plant revealed that RDF + soil application of ZnSO4
@ 30 kg ha-1 (T3) recorded significant maximum plant
height over other treatments at 60 DAS (98.11 cm), 90 DAS (101.76 cm) and at
harvest (104.26 cm). and found treatments were significantly at par with RDF +
soil application of Zn EDTA @ 3.0 kg ha-1 (T5), RDF +
soil application of ZnSO4 @ 15 kg ha-1 (T2),
RDF + soil application of Zn EDTA @ 1.5 kg ha-1 (T4) and
RDF + Foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 1.0% at CRI, tillering and
milking stage (T7) at 60, 90 and at harvest DAS. Significant
minimum plant height was recorded in the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF)
80:40:40 kg ha-1 (T1). The
increase in plant height of wheat due to zinc through soil application
corroborates with the findings of Ranjbar and Bahamian (2007) who reported that
the plant height of wheat increased with the application of zinc. Khan
et al. (2007) also suggested that there was an increase in plant height
due to zinc application. The increase in plant height under zinc treatments might be due to its effect on the metabolism of growing plants, which may effectively explain the response of zinc application. Effect of different sources
and levels ofzinc on the number of tillers,dry matteraccumulation and number of
grains perspike of wheat The
data pertaining to the number of tillers per plant, dry matter accumulation,
and the number of grains per spike are reported in Table 2. Crop
yields depend upon the dry matter production of the plant; therefore, high
production of total dry matter appears to be the first prerequisite for high
yield. Dry matter accumulation increases throughout the growth cycle and
attains the highest value at maturity because of the accumulation of
photosynthates in the sink. Tillers
are the grain-bearing part and it possesses the leaves. The application of zinc
either as soil or foliar application through ZnSO4 and Zn EDTA was
found to be non-significant. But the maximum number of tillers (7.53 tillers
plant-1) was found in the soil application of zinc as RDF + soil
application of ZnSO4 @ 30 kg ha-1 (T3) and the
lowest number of tillers (7.00 tillers plant-1) was seen in the
recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) 80:40:40 NPK kg ha-1 (T1)
treatment. Overall
plant growth is directly reflected in the production of tillers in the wheat
plants. Therefore, the counting of tillers provides an adequate basis for
measuring the treatment differences owing to various micronutrient treatments.
The application of zinc with RDF might have increased the use efficiency of
added nutrients and supplied it continuously to the plant throughout the crop
growth period and promoted various physiological activities in the plant which
are considered to be indispensable for proper growth and development. Zinc also
helped in the formation of growth hormones and auxin metabolism which helped
the plant increase in tillers. These findings are in accordance with Dewal and Pareek (2004), Dhaliwal et al. (2012) and Khan (2002) also concluded that the application of zinc increased the number of tillers significantly over control treatment.
Fig.
2:Effect of different sources and levels of zinc on grain
and straw yield of wheat Maximum
total dry matter accumulation (6.28 g plant-1) was observed in RDF +
soil application of ZnSO4 @ 30 kg ha-1 (T3).
But this value was found to be statistically at par with treatments such as RDF
+ soil application of Zn EDTA @ 3.0 kg ha-1 (T5), RDF +
soil application of ZnSO4 @ 15 kg ha-1 (T2)
and RDF + soil application of Zn EDTA @ 1.5 kg ha-1 (T4).
The lower dry matter accumulation (4.94 g plant-1) was found in the
RDF 80:40:40 NPK kg ha-1 (T1) treatment. The apparent and
significantly higher dry matter accumulation in the wheat plant was obtained
with soil application of RDF + ZnSO4 @ 30 kg ha-1 (T3)
compared to the values obtained in other treatments in this study, which might
be due to better nourishment derived from the soil as a result of balanced
fertilization which improved soil nutrient status. This may be due to the zinc
addition in combination with RDF as soil application provided distribution of
zinc within the wheat plant through the xylem and translocate in the phloem,
which increases vegetative tissue formation resulting in the improved
photosynthetic activity, which shows boosted growth of plant parts and
increment in dry matter. These
results were in support of the results of Chandrakumaret al. (2002), and
Dewal and Pareek et al. (2004). Yin et al. (2016) also suggested
that there is an increase in the biomass of paddy plants through soil
application as compared to foliar application. The
numbers of grains spike-1 (53.27 grains spike-1) were
significantly superior in RDF + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 30 kg ha-1
(T3) than in other treatments which were higher over the recommended
dose of fertilizer (RDF) 80:40:40 NPK kg ha-1 (T1)
treatment which shows that application of zinc increased its reproductive potential.
The lowest number of grains spike-1 (44.27 grains spike-1)
was found in the RDF (T1) treatment. The favourable response of zinc
application to the number of seeds has also been reported by Habib (2009) in
wheat who reported that there is an increase in the number of seeds per earhead
with the application of zinc. Yassenet al. (2010) also reported an
increase in grains per ear head with the increase in zinc doses in wheat. |
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| Findings | To study the effect of different sources and levels of zinc on the growth, yield and quality of wheat. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Conclusion |
From the present investigation, it is concluded that the soil
application of ZnSO4 @ 30 kg ha-1 along with a recommended dose of fertilizer
significantly influenced the yield, test weight,,carbohydrate and protein.
Also, concluded that soil application was better than a foliar application of
zinc. Therefore, it is concluded that the soil application of ZnSO4 @ 30 kg
ha-1 along with a recommended dose of fertilizer recorded significant increases
in yield, test weight, carbohydrates and protein. |
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