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The culture of NCR region is average modern but the people rely on traditional culture also. The medical facilities are very advanced in the region even metro cities people preferred to allopathic medicine for quick treatment but the rural areas people having the attraction with traditional and naturopathy system. The NCR region having densed industrial area and population. It has alot number of herbal medicines pharma companies where Adhatoda vasica having in constant demand. There are many valuable medicinal plants which are dominated in the region which are supplied regularly in the herbal manufacturing units. A few herbal plants are grown in the agriculture fields by farmers but many more medicinal plants are collected from the wild condition. Most of the herbal plant sare in higher demands like Withania somnifera, Adhatoda vasica, Boehravia diffusa, Achyranthus aspara, Xanthium sp., Dhatura sp, etc. We should have recommended the farmers to grow the medicinal plants in agriculture fields to fulfill the constant demand. It will help for sustainable development & conservation. ( Sharma 2007,2019 ) In the present study we found the distribution pattern of Adhatoda vasica is locally known as safed bansa which is used by local people in cough syrup ( cadha preparation) in T.B. bronchites in Jaundice and in immunity development. Sometimes it is also feed to cattle during the birth of calf and lactation period. Vasaca is used in different ailment of human diseases like eg. T.B., asthma, tuberculosis, Bronchial and other respiratory disease. It is an important component of cough syrup and other herbal medicine Adhatoda vasica is belong to family Acanthaceae of Angiosperms (dicot) . Adhatoda vasica has a great variation in plant height, petiole Length, leaf area, colour, thickness and other macro and micro morphological characters. The plant is also found in the wild area of Delhi NCR region.NCR region having river ecosystem Sandy plane ecosystem and fertile soil. It has a variety of climates semi- arid and arid conditions. It has moderate rains. Phytogeographical diversity of natural vegetation is affected by Biotic and edaphic condition. Here in the present study, we are concentrated on the distribution of Adhatoda vasica in the NCR region.

The phytogeographical distribution work was also done by different workers. Medicinal plants & other plants geographical distribution were also done by pharmocogonostical studies. Some scientiest did the work on soil, vegetation & distribution pattern (Money 1965, Sharma 2007, Polunin 1967, Walts 1971). Rathore (1992) used the remote sensing technique for distribution pattern of plants. Shankar & Kumar (1988) did the work on the ecology of Indian desert area. Kashyap (2002) did the work on medicinal plant & their pharmacognostical studies with germination & distribution patterns. As part of the research work, the flora of the area was also studied by many botanists and their information about its crude drug quality were also given as Linneaus S.C.(1753) in Species his book Plantarum. Koppen (1900) did the work on the classification of the plants. Hooker(1906) did the worked on “A Sketch of the flora of British India”. Washington and Raunkiaer (1934) published the book on The Life-forms of the plant and statistical plant geography. Polunin, (1967) Introduced about Plant Geography and some related Science. Watts (1971) Principles of Biogeography. Mani,(1974) did the work on ecology and biogeography of India. Krebs (1978) did the work on Ecology - The experimental analysis of distribution and abundance. Bachketi (1984) did the work on social forestry in India with the problems and prospects. Bhandari (1990) mentioned the flora of Indian Desert. Dhuley (1999) worked on herbal flora and published on Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Sharma (2007) wrote a book on medicinal plants Geography which was very useful to confirm through literature. Kashyap ( 2002) did the work on certain medicinal plants habitats and other aspects. Sharma (2019) and Kukreti et al (2023) did the work on Phytogeographical distribution of  medicinal plants and vegetation.

The proposed study research area is NCR Region has the geographical extension included NCT Delhi, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Ghaziabad, Baghpat, Meerut, Bulandshahar and Some region of Haryana the study area has been included NCT Delhi, Ghaziabad, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Meerut and Baghpat from North- latitude 28⁰44'42''N and East longitude 77⁰05'35''E from  the area under study is dominated by highly developed region as well as agricultural region. It is highly dense populated area .Delhi NCR region comprises along with Haryana (Gurugram, Rohtak, Faridabad, Karnal, Panipat, Jhajjar, Ambala, Panchkula, Jind, Kurukshetra, Hisar, Sirsa, Kaithal, Sonipat, Palwal, Fatehabad, Yamunanagar, Nuh, Rewari, Bhiwani, Mahendragarh, Charkhi Dadri)  UP (Gautam Budh Nagar, Ghaziabad, Hapur, Baghpat)  ( Map) -

The present study has been concentrated on extensive field work. The important data of Adhatoda vasica L. has been collected from authentic resources. The Survey of India, topo sheet and bioclimatic Map has been used. The map has been taken for entire NCR Delhi region. This data has been collected in addition to reports, maps, research papers books, monographs, soil survey data published and unpublished materials from various agencies. Remote sensing and physical factors like climate, soil types and water quality also helpful to examine the distribution pattern. Biological factors such as flora and fauna, Social factors included population, mobility, economic activities, etc were also surveyed. These were studied after examining the data related to usage and other data (some productivity indicators) have been used in the survey site.The spot to spot survey was completed. The community study of the studied plant was used by Raunkier's method to find out the distribution pattern. Somewhere Adatoda vasica was found in dotted form. It is common in some regions some times it was seen in abundant form indifferent areas. The species quality of the Adhatoda vasica plant also known by local community. The natural, environmental and climatic conditions for Adhatoda vassaca were also studied Phyto-climatic data. A carto - graphic interpretation of the species of Adhatoda vasica L. from the point of view of phylogeographic studies were also completed at two levels. ie. at the macro as well as micro level. It could be helpful to complete the phytogeographic observation.

The spot to spot survey was completed and calculated by Raunkier's method to find out the distribution pattern. Somewhere Adatoda vasica was found in dotted form. It was common in some regions some times it was seen in abundant form in different  areas.

NCR Delhi, has the vasaca plant on the waste lands near by roads, rivers and untouched vegetational sites. Phytogeographical distribution pattern of studied plant. It will be helpful in the conservation, analysis and distinctive quality of Adhatoda vasica L. in herbaceous species found in different areas of the studied area which covers Ghaziabad, Meerut, Baghpat, Delhi, Haryana and some parts of Rajasthan and many other parts of India.

The studied herbaceous plant Adhatoda vasica L. found in the area of ​​ Delhi NCR was found deficient in various factors. Also in the successful aspect one can see the results of the efforts made by the Forest Department increasing land under green coverage through tree plantation programs and awareness campaigns. but it has been found Adhatoda vasica L. not grown or planted anywhere by forest department & people.

Natural vegetation of Adhatoda vasica L. is being eroded from Delhi NCR region through irregular rainfall, heavy industrialization, wind erosion, water erosion, high temperature, storm and soil erosion.  All these activities have been caused threatend the Adhatoda vasica L.

                 

Fig 1 and 2 : Natural habitat of the plant- Adhatoda vasica L.

Excessive overgrazing, use of insecticides and pesticides, indiscriminate cutting of bushes have resulted in erosion of vegetation and reduction in biomass production and if all these problems continue in future. A large area of ​​herbaceous plant coverage will help to create a desired situation

The results showed that people should take immediate steps to explore the forest management weeds, so that Delhi NCR Region can be completely protected by natural vegetation. The present study can help to make the strategies for wild & natural reservoirs. The Delhi NCR region can be useful to develop suitable forest management technologies and strategies by naturalists and policy makers.

Adhatoda vasica L. is used as a main crude drug.  It is mainly used to treat bronchitis T.B. & Cough.  The leaves, bark, fruit and flower extracts of this plant are used in the treatment of intestinal parasites.  The leaves of this herbaceous plant contain vaccine alkaloid which is responsible for bronchodilation persistence.The essential oil of the leaf is potential for the expectorant action.Various types of alkaloids such as vaccinone, vaccinolone, and vesicol are found in its leaves and roots, which play an important role in the treatment of bronchitis.

Studies have also found that vassaca is also used effectively in the treatment of acidotic (dyspepsia) and pyorrhea. On the basis of thrombopoietic, the main alkaloid vaccine helps in increasing the platelets in the blood.

Plant succession – Analysis of the development of vegetation. The Life-forms of the plant and statistical plant geography. Manual of vegetation analysis were taken by many eminent scientists which helped to proceed the works. (Clements,F.E.,1916; Raunkiaer,C.1934; Cain and Castro,1959)

Many workers like Eyre, S.R.(1963), Money,D.C.(1965), Wegner, P.L. (1965), Hills, E.S.(1966) and Polunin, (1967) did the work on vegetation, climate, soil and plant geographical related work and we also did the present work on Adhatoda vasica . Some scientist did the work on the biogeography ,ecology and environmental condition as Watts, D.(1971), Mani,M.S.(1974), Robinson, H.(1978), Krebs, C.J. (1978), Charan, A. K. (1992)  and Shankar V. and Kumar S. (1988).

Sampath Kumar et al (2010), DoshiJJ et al (1983), Levin & Pandita (1983) and Pandita et al (1983) did the work on the pharmacognostical studies and ethanobotanical studies which support the present work . They also worked on phytochemical investigation  in Adhatoda vasica and  other herbal plants.

Many scientists also did the work on the forestry, social forestry and agricultural forestry which is also helpful to see the pattern of distribution of the plants (Bachketi N.D. 1984; Vietmever N.D. 1986; and Bhandari M M; 1990). With the help of remote sensing, we can do habitate mapping, species mapping, functional diversity and spectral diversity (Wang and Gamon 2019;) Rathore, N.S. (1992). Similarly Kukretietal (2023) studied the tree species diversity, distribution and population, structure of faxinus xanthoxyloides in western Himalayas.

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