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Analysis of Heavy Metals in the Kali River(East) of Meerut Region, India
and Removal of These by Phytoremediation |
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| Paper Id :
18115 Submission Date :
09/08/2023 Acceptance Date :
18/08/2023 Publication Date :
25/08/2023
This is an open-access research paper/article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.10053537 For verification of this paper, please visit on
http://www.socialresearchfoundation.com/researchtimes.php#8
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| Abstract |
Kali River Originate from Muzaffarnagar flow to Kannauj district of Uttar Pradesh of India. Large quantities of solid and liquid wastes are discharged daily in this river because of rapid increase in agriculture activities, industrial units (particularly sugar mill, paper mills and plastic industries) and household wastes. Gradual increasing in population since last two decades escalate waste production and same wastes are being disposed in this river from so long time. This is the reason of perilous situation of this river. It has transformed into a drain like condition. This paper is to find the presence and quantities of different heavy metals in the water of this river. The I S method is used to analyze the amount of different heavy metals present in the river. The different amounts of heavy metals found in the water of the Kali River are as Lead (Pb) 0.05 mg/l, Copper (Cu) 0.8 mg/l, Cadmium (Cd) 0.12 mg/l, Arsenic (As) 0.005 mg/l, Mercury (Hg) 0.034 mg/l and Chromium (Cr) 0.52 mg/l. The BIS permissible limits for heavy metals in drinking water are as Lead 0.01 mg/l, Copper 0.05-1.5 mg/l, Cadmium 0.003 mg/l, Arsenic 0.01-0.05 mg/l, Mercury 0.001 mg/l and Chromium 0.05 mg/l while WHO permissible limits for heavy metals in drinking water are as Lead 0.01 mg/l, Copper 2.0 mg/l, Cadmium 0.003 mg/l, Arsenic 0.01 mg/l, Mercury 0.001 mg/l and Chromium 0.05 mg/l. From the data given above clarify that Kali River water has heavy metals contamination in Lead, Cadmium, Mercury and Chromium while there are not any Arsenic and Copper heavy metals contamination found in the river water. Heavy metals are less soluble in water near PH 7.54. Phytoremediation is a technique which is feasible, economical and best compromising technique to remove the heavy metals from water and soil bodies. Water hyacinth, water lettuce and water fern are very useful aquatic plants to Phyto-remediate such heavy metal contamination. Since Kali River water is significantly contaminated with heavy metals, it must not be used for agricultural activities and for animals without its proper treatment. |
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| Keywords | Kali River, Heavy metals, contaminated water, Contaminants, Phytoremediation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Introduction | The Kali River is a tributary of Ganga river. It begins from
forest of Anthawada village in Jaansadth tehsil in Muzaffarnagar district. It
is clean up to 3 km in the beginning. After that, Khatauli sugar mill’ black
effluent pour into this river and making it polluted. After that, it enter in
Meerut district. It enters in Meerut region with very less and dirty
water.Ahead of it, it reaches Daurala-Lavad region where Daurala sugar mill’s
effluent enter in this river and making it more polluted. After Meerut-Mawana
area, several drains of paper mill pour in this river, making it highly
contaminated. This river is not very big and long river though it travels a
distance of about 300 km from its origin and passes through muzaffarnagar,
Meerut, Ghaziabad, Bulandsahar, Aligarh, Eta, Farukhabbad and enter in Kannauj
district, where it confluence with river Ganga. In the total journey of this
river, itgets different contaminants sources such as industrial wastes,
domestic wastes, municipal sewage, agricultural runoff, effluents from rubber,
plastic, paint, paper and metal industries since last two decades. It is highly
contaminated with pesticides, heavy metals, waterborne bacteria and
viruses[1,2,3,4,] Due to rapid growth in industrial units and agricultural
activities, heavy metals concentrations increasing in our environment. Some
modern industries which have main role in intensifying heavy metals
concentrations are electroplating, paper making, paint, battery works,
pesticides, textile, dye making, mining works, metallurgy works, tanning works,
metal smelting, rubber, plastic, electric equipment and fertilizers based
industries. When heavy metals contaminate our environment, it poses threatening
effects on our health and ecosystem. Heavy metals above prescribed limits
create menacing diseases of lings, kidney, brain, intestine, liver, eyes, skin
and heart in adult as well as in children. Heavy metals are carcinogenic,
produce cardiovascular problems and convulsions [5,6,7,8,9]. Research was carried to find out heavy metals in waste water
and soil of open drain in Nairobi Kenya. Heavy metals Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni and Tl
were established in waste water and soil samples. Levels of Cd, Cr and Ni in
waste water were found within WHO standards, EPA US and CPCB standards while heavy metals Hg, Pb
and Tl were above EPA US limits. Levels of heavy metals Hg, Pb, Cr, Cd and Ni
in soil were above WHO limits for agricultural
field. This contaminated drain explains
inefficient management of drain and pose serious health threat for locals [10].
Heavy metals have relatively high density than water[11]. Heavy metals such as
Hg, Pb, Cr and Cdare potentially toxic
in compound as well as in elemental forms. These heavy metals are sufficiently
soluble in water so easily absorbed by living organisms. Heavy metals
accumulate in liver, gills and muscles tissues of fish species of contaminated
water sources [12]. When heavy metals accumulate in food items then they easily
transferred to human and animal bodies and accumulate again [13]. Most of the
heavy metals are being used widely in different industries so working people
and nearby residents may expose to these contaminants through water, food or
air. These metals above permissible limits create big hazardous disadvantages
in human and environment. The toxicity levels of widely used heavy metals are
in order Co<Al<Cr<Pb<Ni<Zn<Cu<Cd<Hg [14]. Heavy metals
below permissible standards in food items put low health risks [15,16]. The toxic effects on humans are based on time
of exposure, dosage quantity and rate of emission. The heavy metals which are
infamous for their lethal effects are Pb, Cd and Hg particularly [17].
There are some deadly effects of mercury and its compounds like-brain damage, lungs damage, kidney failure, produce cancer, deformities in foetus, High BP, vomiting, skin rashes and diarrhea etc [18]. Hg concentration in drinking water is 2ppbaccording to EPA US standard [18]. The safe limits of Hg in waste water and agricultural soils are 0.001 [19] and 0.05 ppm respectively [20]. A study was conducted in eastern Cape province, South Africa to analyses the distribution of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Fe and Zn) in different stages of waste water and sludge treatment works of sewage treatment plants. AAS (atomic absorption spectroscopy) method was adopted to analyses the heavy metals qualitative and quantitatively. It was found that all the pollutants were below toxic levels in all samples of sludge and water except Cd which was above toxic level in effluents. These heavy metals are non-biodegradable in nature so they have tendency to accumulate in the soil which are absorbed by the plants where from these metals enter in the human and animal bodies. So this waste water should not be allowed to irrigate agricultural soil to atop unnecessary build up of these metals though not contaminated above limits [21]. |
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| Aim of study | This research is to find out the heavy metals contamination level in sugar mill effluents of Sugar Mills of Meerut region, India and related to Ph.D. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Review of Literature | Major source of water pollution is municipal waste water
[22,23]. The sludge is main side product of waste water treating plants, it
mainly depends on composition of influent waste water and the chemical process
involved [24,25,26].In many cases, techniques involved in waste water treatment
plants are inefficient to remove the contaminants and there is not any
guarantee of quantitative removal. Thus, it creates another dangerous round of
environment pollution [23,26]. The chemical pollutants commonly present in the
waste water are pharmaceutical residues, nitrogenous substances, heavy metals,
pesticides, hydrocarbons, phosphorous, detergents, soaps, small industrial
wastes include organic and inorganic chemicals etc. Animal and human faecal
wastes mainly contain several types of viruses, protozoa, bacteria and other
pathogens are precarious for environment [27,28]. Waste water treatment may be
biological or chemicalprocesses [27]. Biological treatment process involves
microorganisms to convert dissolved or suspended organic matter in to thick
biomass which is separated by sedimentation. The quantity of sludge produced is
comparatively less, but this process is inefficient to remove heavy metals and
other toxicants. It involve aerobic and anaerobic lagoons, oxidation ponds,
activated sludge, trickling filters and biological filters etc [29,30]. The
chemical process is efficient but it include costly additives, some of these
are hazardous again for environment. It is seen that many pollutants are not
separated quantitatively at the end of process while maintenance cost is high.
Large quantity of sludge is another problem, how to dispose it. The sludge reuse
is prevalent in many countries due to its high organic matter and nutrients
[31,32]. It is very clear that contamination in the ground water recharge again
where top soil become contaminate by any anthropogenic activities [33,34]. The methods employed in the removal of heavy metals ions are
classified as adsorption , membranefiltration, chemical, electric and
photocatalytic based separations. Adsorption based separation process remove
different ions concurrently and has high retention time while adsorbents can be
reused.Chemical based separation technique produce large volume sludge and need
further treatment after chemical treatment. Membranes based separation
technique require fouling and scaling inhibition mechanism while it increase
extra costs in pre-treatment and periodic cleaning of membrane. Electrical
based separation is effective but large-scale separation process is required
with large volume sludge formation. Photocatalytic based process is under
development by now [35,36,37]. Most suitable adsorbent should not be of high
cost. Carbon based nano porous
adsorbents on surface modification enhance the content of surface functional
groups. Thus, more metal ions adsorb [38]. The adsorption capacity increase
when surface area of adsorbent increase, initial concentration of metal ions
and time of contact. Multi wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are found very
effective in heavy metals removal [39].
Chitosan is natural polymer and has adsorptive properties. It contain amino (-NH2) and hydroxyl (-OH) groups
in its polymer chain thus it has adsorptive affinity for heavy metals [40].
Chitosan has low mechanical strength and less stability making its
regenerationdifficult. Due to its high crystallinity and low porosity, it is
challenging to use chitosan [41].In many cases, it is found that membrane
filtration and adsorbents based techniques are widely used in the metals
polluted waste water. In coming time photocatalytic method will be most
promising technique which involve photons from UV-near visible region where
degradation of organic pollutants and metals recoverytake place in one-pot
system.In chemical process, lime-based precipitation has become very efficient
means in the treatment of metals concentration >1000 mg/l in effluent [42].
There are several conventional remediation methods for heavy metal contamination and some of these are adsorption, ion exchange, phytoremediation, ultra-filtration, flocculation, electrochemical, precipitation, heating process, chemical process and coagulation methods [43]. The study of environmental pollution is alarmingly very essential at global level because pollution adversely affect our ecosystem. Thus, damage the health of animal, plants and human being [44].Phytoremediation is best method to decontaminate the polluted waste water.This technique is of low cost, convenient and economical and feasible process. There are many aquatic and soil plants which can remove different heavy metals and other hazardous organic and inorganic substances in different capacity. In phytoremediation, one plants absorb/adsorb specific heavy metal/metals while second plants absorb/adsorb other heavy metal/metals. Thus specific plant is used to Phyto remediate a specific heavy metal [45,46,47,48]. |
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| Methodology | Study Area: Kali Nadi (river) enterSakauti village in meerut district and
passes throughMawana, Mohdinpur, Meerut city, Gesupur, Kharkhaudaplaces in Meerut district. We
collected Kali Nadi contaminated water samples from Gesupur regionin Meerut.
Average annual temperature is 24.10Cand average rainfall is 886mm per year
[49]. Climate of Meerut region is winter from November to March with very less
rainfall and summer from March to Octoberwith sufficient rainfallfrom July to
October. Latitude and longitude position of study area is latitude 28059’24.8676”,N28059’.4145’
and longitude 77042’13.662”, E77042.2277’[50]. Collection of Samples: The samples were
collected from Gesupur area of the Kali Nadi (river). The samples were
collected in well washed and cleaned PET containers of 5kg capacity. The samples
were filtered and stored at room temperature and required testing was conducted
for heavy metals present in these collected samples. Methodology Used: The methodology adopted to find out the heavy metals in collected Kali Nadi (river) sample as per Indian Standard procedure and abbreviated as I S 3025 method.All the testing procedure and steps were adopted as per I S 3025 guidelines. |
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| Result and Discussion | As shown in the table below, heavy metals like- Arsenic (As), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb) and Mercury (Hg) are present in the contaminated water of the Kali River flowing through Meerut region. Table show test methodology adoptedis I S 3025. WHO (World Health Organization) and BIS (bureau of Indian Standards) standard permissible limits for drinking water are shown in table. The table also presenting the data of acceptable heavy metals concentrations in irrigation water prescribed by FAO-UN (Food and Agriculture Organization of the united Nations). On comparing the test results of heavy metals in Kali river water with the standard data of WHO and BIS, it is clear that the water of Kali river has cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) heavy metals concentrations above permissible standards. Table-1
NR = Not Reported
The Graph present pictorial explanation of heavy metals concentrations of kali river water with respect to WHO and BIS standards.
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| Conclusion |
Heavy metal concentrations present in the Kali river
water are As (0.005 mg/l ), Cd ( 0.12 mg/l), Cr (0.52 mg/l ), Cu ( 0.8 mg/l),
Pb (0.05 mg/l ) and Hg (0.034 mg/l ). The WHO permissible limits of heavy
metals for drinking water are As (0.01
mg/l ), Cd (0.003 mg/l ), Cr (0.05 mg/l ), Cu (2 mg/l ), Pb ( 0.01 mg/l) and Hg
(0.001 mg/l). The BIS drinking water permissible limits for heavy metals
Arsenic as 0.01-0.05 mg/l and Copper as 0.05 to 1.5 mg/l while for heavy metals
Cd, Cr, Pb and Hg are same as that of WHO. On comparing the concentrations of
HMs of Kali river with WHO/BIS standards, it is clear that thekali river water
has Cd, Cr, Pb and Hg heavy metals concentrations above permissible limits.The
river water is not found contaminated with As and Cu heavy metals at present. There are some sustainable technologies based on natural
treatment, in these technologies, plants and microorganisms interact with each
other and remove heavy metals [59]. Hyperaccumulators plants are used for
remediating contaminated water and soil bodies.
Bioremediation (phytoremediation/ rhizofiltration)
techniques are promising technique to remove pollutants from water and soil
bodies. The plants may be used with other techniques such as amendments with
biochar before plants’ application, mycorrhizal use increase the heavy metal
absorption area and use of microbes which may consume contaminants as their
food. Phytoremediaton technique is cheap/economical, less laborious and
environmentally safe [60].
Since, water of Kali river has cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) heavy metals concentrations above permissible standards. Thus,this water is not suitable for irrigation and also not recommended for animal purpose. This water must be treated before its use for any works. |
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| Acknowledgement | Authors greatly acknowledge R & D department of IIMT university, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India for all kinds of infra structures and facilities. |
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