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Haryana breed of cow, an important dual purpose breed of zebu cattle endowed with adaptability to perform well under harsh, sub tropical climatic condition. Calving abnormalities affect the herd life, reproductive efficiency of cows and economy of dairy herds and are responsible for culling of the cows. It has been observed that indigenous breads are less susceptible for the calving abnormalities as compare to cross breeds Cows. Information on incidence and inheritance of calving abnormalities in dairy cattle in advanced temperate countries is well reported. Identification of genetic and non-genetic factors influencing calving abnormalities will facilitate developing breeding and management strategies for realizing higher intensity and increased accuracy of selection of elite cows in the herd. Premature disposal of female calves before reaching mulch herd and undesirable disposal of lactating cows are the major constraints in achieving larger herd size. Therefore, the present study was undertaken with the influence of genetic and non-genetic factors as influence the calving abnormalities.

The literature review has been discussed in result and discussion section. 

The data for the present investigation were collected during the period of 1992 to 2009 from the records of Haryana cattle maintained at Govt. Livestock farm, Hastinapur in the Northern India. Data of 641 calving records of 193 adult cows were used to analyze the genetic and non-genetic influence on calving abnormalities. and disposal pattern of adult cows. The date was classified into two genetic parameters viz heritability and repeatability and non-genetic factors such as two parities groups, four periods and four seasons.

The influence of non-genetic factors on incidence of calving abnormalities were analyzed by using analysis of variance (F-test). The sums of square calculated by the procedure  outlined by Tomar (1998) as:

Total sum of squares = pqn

Group sum of squares = pqn - piqini

Error sum of squares=TSS - sum of the SS of all the effects

where, pi = ai/ni= average incidence in ith level of the effect.

 qi = 1-pi

p =  ai/ni is the average incidence in the whole population.

n = ni = Total number of cows in the population.

 The following mathematical model was used to conduct the analysis of variance.

 Yijkl= µ+Li + Pj + Sk + eijkl

 where, µ =overall mean

 Li = effect of i^th lactation (i = 1……………….5)

 Pj = effect of ith period (J=1…………………..4)

Sk = effect of k^th  Season (K=1………… 4)

 eijkl = random error specific in the particular observation.

The genetic parameter as heritability based on first lactation data used by paternal half- sib correlation method.

as:

yij = µ + Si + eij

where, yij = record of the i^th daughter of i^th sire

µ = over all mean.

Si =  effect ith sire

eij= random error

The genetic parameter repeatability was estimated as:,

t = (X-Y)/100

where,

X= the percentage of cows susceptible in second lactation which were also susceptible in the first lactation.

Y= the percentage of cows susceptible in second lactation which were resistant in the first lactation.

The data presented in Table 1. On the incidence of abnormal births have shown that the overall incidence was 5.1 percent in this herd. Almost similar incidence of abnormal birth varying from 4.4 to 4.9 percent have been reported by Bhattacharya and Buchoo (2008), while a little higher value 5.75 percent for the trait was estimated by upadhaya etal. (2014) in sahiwal cows, and 5.4%. by Mukherjee and Tomar (2000) in crossbreds cows.

The incidence of abnormal Calvings varied from 2.6 to 6.7  percent among the cows of different lactations (Table 1) and the incidence was higher in first calvers then older ones. This may be because of genital organs of first calf heifers are not well accustomed to the normal act of parturition. In the analysis of variance it was found. that parity order was not significant on abnormal calving. This supported the findings of  Abbas (2005), Benik and Nasker (2006) and upadhaya (2014)

Table: 1  Incidence of abnormal births (%) and sex ratio (%males) in relation to different non genetic factors.

Effect	Total Births	Abnormal births		Male births		Female  births	Total Normal Births
		No	%	No	%(sex ratio)
Lact-1	193	13	6.7	83	46.1	97	180
2	153	6	3.9	74	50.3	73	147
3	116	3	2.6	50	44.2	63	113
4	77	5	6.5	31	43.0	41	72
5	102	6	5.8	47	48.9	49	96
Period
1	74	5	6.7	29	42.0	40	69
2	167	3	1.8	79	48.2	85	164
3	226	9	3.9	102	47.0	115	217
4	174	6	9.2	75	47.5	83	158
Season
Winter	298	13	4.3	143	50.2	142	285
Summer	135	12	8.8	50	40.6	73	123
Rainy	139	5	3.6	62	46.2	72	134
Autumn	69	3	4.3	30	45.4	36	66
Overall	641	33	5.1	285	46.8	323	608

Table:2 ANOVA showing the effect of different non-genetic factors on abnormal births and sex ratio. (M.S Values).

Sources of variation	Degree of Freedom	Abnormal calving	Sex ratio
Lactations	4	0.0629	0.1149
Periods	3	0.1741*	0.0652
Seasons	3	0.1669*	0.5177**
Error		0.0482(630)	0.2019(597)

*P<0.05

The period of calving was found to influence the incidence of abnormal birth varied from 1.8 to 9.2 percent among  the cows calved in different periods (Table 1 and 2). This may be due to the variation in environmental factors over the periods. Similar findings were also reported by Abbas (2005), Banik and Naskar (2006), Shahi and Kumar (2006), Singh etal. (2011), Ghosu etal. (2013) and Upadhaya etal. (2013) in Indian breeds of cows.

The rate of abnormal calving was found to be highest among summer calves (8.8%) while, it was Lowest (3.6%) during rainy season (Table 1) statistically the differences among seasons were found significant (Table 2) similar finding was also reported by Wakchaure etal (2021) in crossbred cows. On the contrary  Benik and Naskar (2006) and Sahi and Kumar (2006) have reported that season had no effect on the rate or abnormal calving.

Genetic Parameters

Heritability and Repeatability estimation-

The heritability estimates for abnormal parturition was found to be very Low (0.08) (Table 3). It Indicate that this trait is mostly governed by the environmental factors, Abnormal calving was being affected with summer season in the study. Therefore  care should be taken during summer season regarding given fodder and shade to the cows. Law heritability of abnormal births had also been reported by Sing etal (2002), Benik(2005) and Atrey et al. (2005).

The result  presented in table 3, for repeatability estimates for different disorders in this herd of Haryana Cattle have shown that the abnormal births had low repeatability (0.11). It was thus not possible to predict the type of calving in future gestation. based on the type  of calving in previous gestation. This supported result reported by Mukherjee and Tomar (2000).

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