ISSN: 2456–5474 RNI No.  UPBIL/2016/68367 VOL.- VII , ISSUE- III April  - 2022
Innovation The Research Concept
An Analytical Study of Horticulture in Kashmir Valley with Reference to Apple Industry in Bandipora District of Jammu & Kashmir
Paper Id :  15975   Submission Date :  18/04/2022   Acceptance Date :  20/04/2022   Publication Date :  25/04/2022
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Meenakashi Gaikward
Associate Professor
Commerce
IPS Academy
Indore ,Madhya Pradesh, India
Fayaz Ahmad Ganaie
Research Scholar
School Of Commerce
DAVV
Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract The Horticulture sector plays a tremendous role in the farming structure of Jammu and Kashmir. Horticulture sector plays a remarkable role in providing employment. From the stage of tree plantation to the point of its marketing, Horticulture Sector has a good potential in employment creation. In order to achieve this objective, it is important that the limiting factors in both production and marketing of fresh produce addressed speedily and linkages between farmers and buyers are established by developing horticulture mandies at faster pace and on modern and scientific lines. This would not reduce supply chain costs but would also help the farmers with an assured market for their produce. This paper explores production and area of apple industry in Jammu and Kashmir however the author lays more struss in district Bandipora in its area and production. The Horticulture is one of the notable sectors in Jammu and Kashmir. The sector contributes extremely high to strengthen the financial condition of the Jammu and Kashmir, poverty alleviation, employment generation. The varieties of horticultural products of the Jammu and Kashmir have earned world-wide popularity because of its good quality and taste. The fruit crops grown in the Jammu and Kashmir are apple, almonds, walnuts, pears, cherries and apricots in temperate areas and mango, citrus, litchi, papaya, guava etc. in subtropical areas. Saffron cultivation in Jammu and Kashmir is unique in the world.
Keywords Production, Horticulture, Employment, Marketing, Area, Monopoly, Export, Jammu and Kashmir.
Introduction
Jammu and Kashmir is basically an agrestic economy. The favourable agro-climatic condition, fertile soil, sub-tropical climate are ideally suited for cultivation of different kinds of vegetables and fruits in Jammu and Kashmir and offer vast scope for development of horticulture. In view of the potential available, fruit growing has been considered a major industry and contribute largely to the export trade of the Jammu and Kashmir. It absorbs a large chunk of people in various processes trough which it passes. Horticulture has a substantial share in the Jammu and Kashmir Domestic Product. The Jammu and Kashmir government is placing considerable emphasis on the expansion of horticulture crop i.e. fruit, vegetables, spices, plantation crop and floriculture etc. Horticulture sector is growing rapidly to meet the both internal and external opportunities. Over many year this sector has made tremendous achievement in terms of its expansion of its area and productivity, crop diversification, technological interventions for production and marketing.
Aim of study Objectives are the requirement for study because in absence of it, the study is useless. Here I am presenting the object of my study. 1. To develop and understand the concept of horticulture and to study the factors affecting horticulture production. 2. To study the impact of production area on total production of Apple in the Kashmir division. 3. To study the reason for difference in Apple production in the Kashmir division. 4. To study the reason for difference in Apple production in the different Sub-divisions of Bandipora district.
Review of Literature
Horticulture sector is performing tremendous job and as a fast growing sector in Jammu and Kashmir. It is considered as engine of Jammu and Kashmir economy estimated to be 07 to 08%. An area of 3.06 lakh hectares was under horticulture during the year 2008-09, showing an increase in area of 3.55% over the previous year’s figures of 2007-08. In the area figures highest shares of 45.55% is claimed by apple followed by 27.67% walnut. Production of fruit for the year 2008-09 was 16.91 lakh tons i.e., 3.36% more than fruit production figures for 2007-08. In the fruit production figures for 2008-09, share of apple accounts for 78.82% and walnut with 8.73% share in the next major fruit. During the year 2008-09 export of fruit outside the state is provisionally recorded at 11.17 lakh tons out of which is 11.01 lakh tons(98.57%) were fresh fruits. The foreign exchange earnings from horticulture produce were Rs 161.44 crore for 2007-08. Growth of 20.91% in quantity exported and 34.71% in foreign exchange earnings on account of dry fruits has been observed during 2007-08 over 2006-07 figures. The number of fruit growers cooperative societies registered as on 31-03-2007 was 261with membership of 19194 individual. Three main fruit and vegetables market at Nowpora-sopore, Parimpora Srinagar, and Narwal- Jammu are operating to meet the marketing challenges for the horticulture produce. During the year 2007-08, 115 and 36 lakh fruit boxes were transacted by the fruit Mandi Sopore and Parimpora respectively that increase the income and overall employment. “Agri export zone for apple and walnut.” represent an important industry to improve income growth and employment in rural area of J&K. This industry contributes nearly 60% of the state revenue and 22% of gross state domestic product. It is estimated that about 80% of population is directly or indirectly engaged in agriculture and its allied sectors like horticulture etc.
Methodology
Fundamental to the success of any formal research project is sound research methodology. It is pure and simply to frame the work or plan for the study that guide and collection and analysis of data. We have to look at sources of data which helps in yielding the desired result. Before proceed here we see the source of data collection. In this study both the primary as well as secondary sources has been used, Books, Journals, magazines. Published and unpublished records, reports, consultancies and internet websites have been used for the completion of this research work.
Tools Used 1. Multiple Regressions Analysis.
2. Single Factor Analysis of variances (ANOVA).
Regression analysis attempts to establish the nature of relationship between the variables and thereby provide a mechanism for predication or forecasting. We can predict the unknown values of variable from known values of variable. The variable whose value is estimated is called dependent variable, whereas the variable on the basis of which the value of dependent variable is derived is called independent variable. It is used in establishing relationship between the two variables.
Analysis of variances, popularly known as the ANOVA can be used in case where there are more than two groups. When we have only two samples we can use t-test to compare the mean of the sample but it might become unreliable in case of more than two samples. If we only compare two means, then the t-test will give the same result as the ANOVA. ANOVA is used to compare the mean of more than two samples. Analysis of variances is a technique for testing the simultaneous significance of difference among the mean of several categories. T-test can only be used to test differences between two means. When there are more than two means, it is possible to compare each mean with each other mean using many t-tests. But conducting such multiple t-tests can lead to severe complications and in such circumstances we use ANOVA. Thus, this technique is used whenever an alternative procedure is needed for testing hypothesis concerning means when there are several population. A single factor or one-way ANOVA is used to test the null hypothesis that the means of several populations are all equal.
Statistics Used in the Study

The data collected was tabulated, processed and codified by simple and sophisticated statistical techniques.  Reliable data and information has been gathered on horticulture in Kashmir for the purpose of research work, with structured statements of yearly data of apple production and production area from Directorate of Horticulture Srinagar, Kashmir. A good amount of information and data on the historical perspective of apple industry has been collected from the website of Jammu and Kashmir Horticulture Board for production and production area of different districts of Kashmir Valley. We have also accessed the website of National Horticulture Board for information about apple production in Kashmir. Reliable information was also gathered for different sub-division in Bandipora district for apple production and production area from Chief Horticulture Officer Bandipora, Kashmir. The data has been also gathered from Sher-i-Kashmir University of agriculture science and technology from Shalimar and Wadura branches respectively.

During this research work, the employees and experts of Horticulture were consulted to obtain their views on the apple industry of Kashmir. In order to achieve the given objectives, primary as well as secondary data has been collected with the help of structured statement of apple production and production area of different years, views, reports, publications, journals and institutional libraries has been also consulted for this research work. 

The analysis of data has been done in a sophisticated way by using different statistical tools and techniques. The tools in this research has been applied i.e. Regression for the Area and Production in Jammu and Kashmir from the year 2000-01 to 2012-13 for the relationship between the area and production of apple  in Jammu and Kashmir state.  The ANOVA statistical tool has been applied on the apple cultivated areas and production in various district of Kashmir valley and also various sub-divisions in Bandipora district. In addition to the ANOVA single factor, we have also calculated Average, Standard deviation and Coefficient of variance of each district in production and production area and also in sub-divisions of Bandipora district. We have also put the ranks on the basis of consistent and in consistent level of production and production in different districts of valley and also sub-divisions of Bandipora district.
Analysis

1) Summary output of apple cultivation area and production of Jammu and Kashmir State.

Year

Area        (Hectares)

Production    (Mt.)

2000

88149

751310

2001

90080

909583

2002

94874

953946

2003

100702

1041538

2004

107925

1093275

2005

111881

1151712

2006

119041

1222176

2007

127795

1311845

2008

133102

1332812

2009

138191

1372973

2010

141717

1852412

2011

154720

1756192

2012

157280

1348149

 In order to interpret the above mentioned table that we have collected data like production area and production of apples from year 2000 to 2012 from the Directorate of Horticulture Srinagar, Kashmir. The data that are mentioned in the above table like Area is calculated in Hectares and the production in Metric tons. With the help of production and production area we have calculated ‘R’, ‘R2’and standard deviation in the regression analysis.  

2). District wise area under apple cultivation in Kashmir valley.

Years

Sgr.

Gbl.

Bud.

Bla.

Bpr.

Kup.

Antg.

Kul.

Shpn.

Pul.

Leh

Kargil

2009-10

2328

3982

14013

25518

4459

17888

13603

13347

20363

7821

626

210

2010-11

2374

4062

14293

26029

4548

18246

13875

13614

20770

7977

639

214

2011-12

2990

5145

14585

25985

5408

18885

16523

15842

21615

10913

648

300

2012-13

3089

5716

14649

24661

5602

18942

16539

16766

21625

11425

732

407
The data for various districts of Kashmir valley based on production area had been collected from Directorate of Horticulture Srinagar, Kashmir from year2009-10 to 2012-13 for the analysis. The area wise data of various districts has been collected in hectares. We have applied Single factor ANOVA for our analysis on the above mentioned data in extra of that that we have calculated the standard deviation, coefficient of variance and also ranks.





3). District wise production of apple in Kashmir valley


The data for various districts of Kashmir valley based on production of Apple had been collected from Directorate of Horticulture Srinagar, Kashmir from year2009-10 to 2012-13 for the analysis. The production wise data of various districts has been collected in metric tons. We have applied Single factor ANOVA for our analysis on the above mentioned data in extra of that that we have calculated the standard deviation, coefficient of variance and also ranks.

 4). Production of apple in Sub-divisions of Bandipora District

Year

Bandipora

Sonawari

Gurez

2012-13

33514.97

315075

75.25

2013-14

35213

18174.4

75.25

2014-15

36506.88

180807.00

68.54

The data for various sub-divisions of Bandipora districts in Kashmir valley based on production had been collected from Chief Horticulture officer Bandipora, Kashmir from year 2012-13 to 2014-15 for the analysis. Production wise data of various sub-divisions of Bandipora districts has been collected in metric tons. For our analysis we have applied Single factor ANOVA on the above mentioned data in extra of that that we have calculated the standard deviation, coefficient of variance and also ranks.

Testing of Hypothesis

1). H0 : There is no significant impact of cultivation area on overall production of apples in the state.

Regression Statistics

Multiple R

0.877274364

R Square

0.76961031

Adjusted R Square

0.748665793

Standard Error

157439.3376

Observations

13

 

ANOVA

df

SS

MS

F

Significance F

Regression

1

910808405842.98

910808405842.98

36.75

0.00

Residual

11

272658595117.33

24787145010.67

Total

12

1183467000960.31

In order to test our first null hypothesis ‘there is no significant impact on cultivation area on aver all production in the state’. It can be seen that the value of ‘R’ is 0.877, while the value of ‘R2’ is 0.769. It shows that correlation between areas of production have correlation value 0.877, while the value of ‘R2’ coefficient of determination explains that 0.769 of total apple production is explained by production area. The ANOVA table shows significance value is 0.00 which is well below our assumed level of significance and which we are testing our hypothesis i.e. 5%. Thus our regression model qualifies ANOVA test of goodness of fit. 

2). H0: There is no significant difference in production areas between various districts of Kashmir Valley.

ANOVA Single Factor

Summary

Groups

Count

Sum

Average

Variance

SD

Coefficient of Variance

Rank

Column 1

4

10781

2695.25

159996.9

399.996

14.840775

9

Column 2

4

18905

4726.25

716697.6

846.579

17.912277

10

Column 3

4

57540

14385

85514.67

292.428

2.03868

1

Column 4

4

102193

25548.25

403332.9

635.084

2.485822

2

Column 5

4

20017

5004.25

341926.9

584.74516

11.684971

7

Column 6

4

73961

18490.25

260756.3

510.643

2.761688

3

Column 7

4

60540

15135

2610795

1615.795

10.675884

6

Column 8

4

59569

14892.25

2811562

1676.771

11.259353

8

Column 9

4

84373

21093.25

397578.9

630.538

2.989288

4

Column 10

4

38136

9534

3612047

1900.538

19.934319

11

Column 11

4

2645

661.25

2306.25

48.023

7.262457

5

Column 12

4

1131

282.75

8584.917

92.654

32.768877

12

 ANOVA

Source of

Variation

SS

df

MS

F

P-value

F crit

Between Groups

3125978628

11

284179875.2

298.8458

0.0000

2.066608478

Within Groups

34233294.75

36

950924.8542

Total

3160211922

47

To test our 2nd null Hypothesis that ‘there is no significant difference in production area between various districts of Kashmir valley’, It can be seen that ‘P’ value of ANOVA test statistics is less than assumed level of significance i.e. 5% and F>F crit., thus our null hypothesis is rejected and it can be concluded that there exists no significant difference between the average / mean production area for apple under Kashmir valley. In extra of ANOVA test we have also calculated the standard deviation and coefficient of variance. On the basis of coefficient of variance, we have put Ranks of different districts of Kashmir valley accordingly having low CV has been assigned as lowest rank while the division having  high CV has been assigned as highest ranking. On the basis of that we conclude that Budgam district had almost consistent production area or we can say that over the period of 2009-13. The production area remained almost same. Thus it has ranked in No.1, while as in Kargil district which is ranked in No.12 had inconsistent production area over the period of time.

3). H0: There is no significant difference in apple production between various districts of Kashmir valley.                   

ANOVA Single Factor Summary

Groups

Count

Sum

Average

Variance

Standard

Deviation

Coefficient

of

Variance

RANK

Column 1

4

115728

28932

59156027

7691

26.58

11

Column 2

4

183084

45771

47256223

6874

15.02

7

Column 3

4

327866

81967

108608345

10422

12.71

2

Column 4

4

2160428

540107

26424685993

162557

30.10

12

Column 5

4

276706

69177

82500023

9083

13.13

3

Column 6

4

801525

200381

627485784

25050

12.50

1

Column 7

4

535601

133900

363608267

19069

14.24

5

Column 8

4

514487

128622

330071694

18168

14.13

4

Column 9

4

888684

222171

1210769453

34796

15.66

9

Column 10

4

419566

104892

358148646

18925

18.04

10

Column 11

4

18809

4702

507284

712

15.14

8

Column 12

4

5064

1266

35741

189

14.93

6

 ANOVA

Source of Variation

SS

df

MS

F

P-value

F crit

Between Groups

951487863427

11

86498896675

35.05

0.00

2.07

Within Groups

88838500442

36

2467736123

Total

1040326363869

47

To test our 3rd null hypothesis that ‘there is no significant difference in apple production in various districts of Kashmir valley’, It can be seen that ‘P’ value of ANOVA test statistics is less than assumed level of significance i.e. 5%  and  F > Fcrit. Thus our null hypothesis is rejected and it can be concluded that there exists no significant difference in apple production between various district of Kashmir valleys.  In extra of ANOVA test we have also calculated the standard deviation and coefficient of variance. On the basis of coefficient of variance, we have put Ranks of different districts of Kashmir valley accordingly having low CV has been assigned as lowest rank while the district having  high CV has been assigned as highest ranking. On the basis of that we conclude that Kupwara district had almost consistent production or we can say that over the period of 2009-13. The production remained almost same. Thus it has ranked in No.1, while as in Baramulla district which is ranked in No.12 had inconsistent production over the period of time.

4).H0: There is no significant difference in apple production between different sub-divisions of Bandipora district

ANOVA Single Factor Summary

Groups

Count

Sum

Average

Variance

Standard

Devitation

Cofficient

of

Variances

Ranks

Column 1

3

105234.85

35078.28333

2251492.797

1500.50

4.28

1.00

Column 2

3

514056.4

171352.1333

22104537448

488675.95

285.19

3.00

Column 3

3

219.035

73.01166667

15.03040833

3.88

5.31

2.00

 

ANOVA

Source of Variation

SS

Df

MS

F

P-value

F crit

Between Groups

49132468757

2

24566234379

3.333758841

0.106262296

5.14325285

Within Groups

44213577911

6

7368929652

Total

93346046669

8

To test our 4th null hypothesis that ‘there is no significant difference in apple production between various sub-divisions of Bandipora district’, the ‘P’ value of ANOVA test statistics is 0.106262296 and F< Fcrit, thus our null hypothesis is not rejected and alternatively it can be concluded that there exist significant difference in apple production between various sub-divisions of Bandipora District.  In extra of ANOVA test we have also calculated the standard deviation and coefficient of variance. On the basis of coefficient of variance, we have put Ranks of different sub-divisions of Bandipora districts accordingly having low CV has been assigned as lowest rank while the sub- division having  high CV has been assigned as highest ranking. On the basis of that we conclude that Bandipora sub- division had almost consistent production or we can say that over the period of 2012-14. The production remained almost same. Thus it has ranked in No.1, while as in Sonawari sub- division which is ranked in No.3 had inconsistent production over the period of time.    
Conclusion In Jammu and Kashmir especially, the Kashmir division horticulture plays a significant role in contributing the economy of the Jammu and Kashmir. More than 70% population is involved in horticulture. This sector is one of the most important employment generation sectors in the Jammu and Kashmir. Year after year there is an increase in area and production under different horticulture crops. One of the major factors for achieving such significant achievement has been due to liberal funding under different schemes. Presently two flagships programmes namely, Horticulture Mission for North Eastern and Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Youjana (RKVY) have played a key role in creation required infrastructure both in public as well in private sector. With agriculture and allied sectors finding alternative way of increasing productivity of crops, horticulture as a sub sector is a revelation, showing remarkable signs of progress in the state. The Government of India and state Government have taken various initiatives towards market intervention viz, establishment of fruit mandies provisions for support price, technological support awareness options, publicity inputs, research extension etc. The Government of India has initiated several programmes and missions to check the downward trend in agricultural production and to find sustainable solutions. To promote holistic growth of the horticulture sector covering fruits, vegetables, root & tuber crops, mushroom, spices, flowers, aromatic plants, cashew and cocoa ensuring forward and backward linkages with the active participation of all the stake holders. The mission acquires a unique position as it adopts a cluster-based approach to promote specific commodities in specific regions with comparative advantage. Technological improvement is necessary to bring about lower costs in processing as well as reducing in fruits and vegetables. This sector has proved to be an important economic sector and a big chunk of population thrives on it. In the recent years, as a result of all round economic and technological advancement of the state, the fruit industry has received a great boost, leading to greater production and export of produce. This sector constitutes the core of agricultural economy of the state. About 20% of total cultivated area is under horticulture crop. About 4.5 lakh families are engaged directly or indirectly with horticulture activities. The area under fruit cultivation is about 1.73 lakh hectares by the end of the seventh period. The total fruit production in the state was 9.10 lakh tons in 1995-96. Fruit export was to tune of 7.10 lakh tons in this period. Horticulture constitutes a critical area of the state’s economy, contributing about 400 crore of the States Domestic Products. The apple occupies a predominant position amongst horticulture crop, constitutes 45% of total area under crop. Apple cultivation in Jammu and Kashmir is fast expanding because apple has a comparative advantage over the other crop. Kashmir has a rich heritage of fruit cultivation and has a greater facility for horticulture as an indigenous apples, walnut, strawberry and apricot can be obtained without any difficulty in most part of the Kashmir valley. Almost half of land under horticulture products is occupied by apple produce. Apple production accounts almost 80% of total horticulture produce. A Kashmir division is responsible for bulk apple production in the state, Almost 98% of land under apple is situated in Kashmir division. So Kashmir is the main producer of apple in Jammu And Kashmir State as well as in the nation also.
Suggestions for the future Study The State of Jammu and Kashmir is predominately agricultural in nature and horticulture is an important part of agriculture besides revenue earnings. Horticulture industry has tremendous potential to help in reducing the unemployment in the state. Taking to above figures into consideration if appropriate steps are taken at various levels of production there will be definitely a positive trend in both production and the corresponding revenue. The various suggestions are:-
1. The government should take measures to control the spurious fungicides/ pesticides prevailing in the market, and should open tiny research centers at District levels. So that proper care should be taken of Pre-mature leaf fall and infestation of red spider mite by organizing class room training and giving suggestions, guidelines to the apple cultivators.
2. Proper branding is now becoming very important for selling horticulture products. Apples from Kashmir are known as its quality and taste. Generally it has been seen that many other states sell their apples after branding them a Kashmiri Apple. There is need to brand Kashmiri Apple in such a manner that the originality of fruit is traced from Kashmir region. This will help to get better returns and will also avoid the Kashmiri name being misused by the any other state for this produce.
3. The Jammu and Kashmir government should revive the fruit grower’s cooperative marketing societies and activate the Horticulture Department in order to provide better marketing facilities and also to eliminate the role of middle man.
4. Local market (Mandies) need to be established at Tehsil level in order to make the sale by apple growers with minimum expenditure.
5. The market infrastructure in terms of cold storage should be created in the state, in order to avoid market risk and also to strike a balance between demand and supply.
6. Market rate of apple fluctuates, there should be minimum price fixed (per kg. or per box) by the government. So that growers will at least be sure of the minimum returns as is done by other states.
7. The procedure of financing should be made easy and convenient for the farmer’s in order to make it popular among the apple growers.
8. There is need for the provision of crop insurance in case of natural calmatives like drought, hailstorm or other natural disasters.
9. Since this Sector is one of the major foreign exchange earners of the state it should be given status of an industry so that special attention can be diverted to it. Provisions should be made for more exports. The apple in the regions should be uplifted on the lines of SEZS.
10. Increase productivity by establishing new Orchards as well as by rejuvenation of old ones.
11. Development of sustainable production, value addition and quality control system for fruits of Jammu & Kashmir State
12. Low cost fruit processing units and standardization of agro techniques for apple processing in Jammu and Kashmir.
13. Export oriented technologies and methodologies for fruit industry in the state.
Limitation of the Study 1. The present study is confined to production of apple in Bandipora district.
2. An attempt is also made to study the difference in apple production between various divisions in the valley and sub-divisions in Bandipora district. There might have effect of difference in soil, productivity, climate, cultivation technique etc on apple production in different districts of valley and sub-divisions in Bandipora district.
3. The study is primary based on secondary source and to some extent primary source.
4. The secondary data has been obtained from the annual report of horticulture board in J&K. And in primary data discussions on the issue have been made with the concerned officials of the horticulture board in the Bandipora district.
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Francis, Yuri and coder, (1990)“performance of early generation and modern cultivars in growing system stimulating traditional and modern horticulture”, Journal of horticulture science and bio technology, 85(3). 8. Halfacre R. Gordon and Barden (New Delhi) “Horticulture”, Tata Mc Grawhills Book.co. 9. Hardakar, “Risk management strategies in agriculture and horticulture”, vol.64, No. 1, American Journal of agricultural economics. 10. Indian census Report, 2011. 11. Korbel Josef, “Danger in Kashmir”, Srinagar, Wattan, Reprinted 2011. 12. Lone AH, “Kashmir horticulture idioms, apple production, Area under crop on rise”, Greater Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K (7 May 2014). 13. Malik Mahmood N “Horticulture”, Delhi, Bio- Tech Books. 14. Mitra, Rather, and Bose, “Temperate fruits”, Calcutta- India, Horticulture and allied publishers. 15. M.S Pukhta, “Information and technology for apple farming and dry fruits in J&K”, Vol.1 (1), International Journal of information and science and system. (2012). 16. Pavitt, Yarn and Gale, “Analysis of farm development in Dutch agriculture and horticulture”, Prepared for the presentation at the 13th international management conference. (1984) 17. Rather Naseer Ahmad, “An analytical study on production and export of research publication. 18. Sayed Aijaz, “Tourism in Kashmir”, New Delhi, Rajesh, 2003. 19. Statement showing the constituency wise/ kind wise area under orchard in District Bandipora from the year 2012-2014, (Chief horticulture officer, Bandipora Kashmir). 20. Statement showing the constituency wise/ kind wise Production under orchard in District Bandipora from the year 2012-2014, (Chief horticulture officer, Bandipora Kashmir). 21. S.Prasad/ U. Kumar, “Principles of Horticulture”, India, Agro bios publishers. 22. Srivastava and Dayawanti, New Delhi, ‘Ministry of Information and Broadcasting’, Govt. of India, 2010, pp: 1142. 23. Stolze and Machae, “Sustainable horticulture in fruit production”, Deptt. Of horticulture and landscape architecture, Washington, State University, USA. 24. Vishwamber, Sati and Propola, “Sustainable horticulture farming in the mountain region”, Deptt. Of horticulture and landscape architecture, Washington, State University, USA. (2004) WEBSITES 25. http:|| www.agrokashmir.nic.in 26. http:|| www.diragrikashmir.nic.in 27. http:|| www.hortikashmir.gov.in 28. http|| www.indiaagro.net.com/horticulture 29. http:|| www.india.gov.in/horticulture 30. http:|| www.jkapd.nic.in 31. http:|| www.mykashmir.in/horticulture 32. http:|| www.nhb.gov.in