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As biological and behavioural processes focused toward meeting requirements for health and growth during the early years of life, eating practises widen, and today, inexpensive, ready-to-eat convenience foods are readily available. . The study of children's behaviour should thus be considered a beginning point for establishing successful and interesting nutrition education programmes, as well as supplementary research approaches for describing the relationships between the various factors that influence children's eating habits. Aside from dietary needs, a variety of factors influence parent feeding knowledge and awareness. When it comes to the beginning of a child's food intake, meal choices are critical. The dietary preferences of their children are heavily influenced by their parents' eating habits. To influence their children's eating habits, parents use a number of techniques, including a mix of useful and ineffective rules. Numerous studies have demonstrated that repeated exposure to different meals in a non-compulsive setting enhances children's dietary choices and acceptance. New meals may need to be presented to preschool-aged children 10 to 16 times before they accept them. Having children try new foods is an important part of the process; merely providing them new foods will not guarantee that they will like them Barbara Devaney and colleagues discovered that mean reported energy intakes for infants aged four to six months, twenty-three percent for infants aged seven to twelve months, and thirty-one percent for toddlers aged twelve to twenty-four months exceeded estimated energy requirements by ten percent for infants aged four to six months, twenty-three percent for infants aged seven to twelve months, and thirty-one percent for toddlers aged twelve to twenty-four months, respectively. As a result, it suggests that rather than simple energy-dense foods and snacks, parents and caregivers should encourage their children to eat nutrient-dense age-appropriate foods (such as fruits, dark green and yellow veggies, and yoghurt). In a study of 88 fourth through sixth students and their parents, Karen Cullen and colleagues looked at the availability, accessibility, and preferences for fruit, 100% fruit juice, and vegetables. The data revealed that availability was the sole significant predictor of intake for children with high preferences, but availability and accessibility were substantially associated with consumption of fruits, vegetables, and 100 percent fruit juice for children with low preferences. As a result, it appears that accessibility is particularly important for children who dislike fruit, 100% fruit juice, and vegetables. When it comes to milk consumption, the results are identical. Milk intake was two times higher among middle-school girls who were almost always or always supplied milk at meals and snacks than among girls who were rarely or never served milk by their family members, according to a study on middle-school girls' beverage consumption. The amount of milk served at meals was also a determinant in how much milk was drank by mothers and daughters. Increases in the average size of children's bites were the primary cause of these effects. In order to compensate for their greater entrée servings, children did not cut their other meal intake enough. As a result, energy consumption during larger meals increased by nine to fifteen percent. Adults, like toddlers, consume more when they are served large portions.

1.Down Syndrome was studied by Celeste Villagrana (2019). Leptin resistance is a hereditary propensity in children. As a result, it is critical that young children consume nutritious foods and engage in physical activity on a daily basis. He gave a session to parents of children with Down Syndrome at Seaside Middle School in California for this capstone project, including topics such as nutrition, physical activity, and how to make nutritious meals more appealing to children with Down Syndrome. Sally B. Millon and Glencill Taylor (2021): According to recent study, many American children's diets do not fulfil recognised dietary standards. Parent-based nutrition education has been highlighted as a strategy for encouraging children to adopt healthy eating habits. The goal of this study was to see if an online school-sponsored nutrition programme for parents and guardians might meet this requirement. 3.. Milan Acharya and Kamal Prasad Acharya will investigate the perspectives of healthy eating behaviour among 1st, 2nd, and 3rd-grade kids in a Nepalese primary school in 2020. Teachers and parents participated in 10 observations during the mid-day meal and three focus group talks. The study included sixty students in grades one through three, five teachers, and sixteen parents. During focus groups, all of the participating teachers and parents participated in discussion conferences, and teachers and parents watched kids' eating habits during tiffin time throughout the study. During a series of participant observations and focus group conversations, thematiccontent analysis based on a qualitative method was performed on the data obtained from the field notes. It has been discovered that family norms and feeding culture in a child's domestic life play a significant impact in forming and promoting healthy habits that last a lifetime. It's also worth noting that parental eating habits and feeding tactics are the most important factors of children's eating habits and food choices at school during tiffin time. Parents and instructors should model healthy eating habits for their children and students by exposing them to a variety of healthy foods. 4.Yuri Nurdiantami, Dian Luthfiana Sufyan, and others (2018) According to the 2018 Indonesia Basic Health Survey, the proportion of people with certain dietary deficiencies has increased significantly. Nutritional knowledge was supposed to be possessed not just by vulnerable groups as a key determinant in malnutrition. Youth, in this case undergraduate students, should also be on the radar because they are at danger of malnutrition as they transition from adolescence to maturity. The goal of this study was to determine the nutritional knowledge factors among Jakarta undergraduate students. This cross-sectional survey was done among Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta undergraduate students. 235 participants used Google Form to self-administer nutritional knowledge about the Indonesian Guideline for Balance Diet, as well as a questionnaire about their personal characteristics. Spearman's, Chi-Square According to logistic regression, kids whose parents earn 3-5 million IDR per month had 2.76 times more chances of having adequate nutrition knowledge than students whose parents earn less than 3 million or more than 5 million IDR per month. Because they may encounter adolescent nutritional difficulties and a future risk of adult nutritional disorders, undergraduate students were also a key target group for ensuring nutritional knowledge occupancy. This research aims to provide targeted nutrition education to undergraduate students in the United States.

Factors Influencing Children’s Eating Behaviours

1. Family Environment

Although the impact of the family environment on children's and teenagers' health behaviours has been proven, the mechanisms that underpin this influence are unknown [12]. Previous study has demonstrated that by providing role modelling, healthy food, and encouragement to engage in healthy eating habits, a positive family system may play a role in creating and promoting excellent health behaviours[1].

The family can be considered a system because it is more than the sum of its individuals. The "family health atmosphere," which is defined as a family's shared beliefs and cognition about leading a healthy lifestyle, could be a critical component of the family environment. It reflects the individual's daily family life experiences, appraisals of health-related topics, and expectations in terms of conventional values, behaviour routines, and family interaction patterns .

2.Maternal Influences

Mothers are often in charge of deciding how much food to feed their children. However, little is known about the factors that influence a mother's feeding and consumption decisions, as well as her motives and goals for feeding and consumption. Mothers have emotional stakes in their children's eating habits, according to recent research findings, and portion sizes for "good" and "picky" eaters are different. Some of the contributing factors were child-centered (for example, the child's likes and dislikes, as well as meals consumed earlier in the day), while others were related to adult expectations and concerns, like nutrient content and waste. Mothers know how to offer their children the "proper portions" and are emotionally concerned in their children's eating habits.

Mothers have a direct impact on their children during mealtimes; mothers of obese children may vary their feeding habits based on the type of food.[2] Indirectly, mother behaviours influence siblings who may serve as caregivers and role models. In a group of 69 children aged 4–8 years, Mosli discovered a link between parental feeding behaviours and encouragement to eat from a sibling to the index kid during mealtimes.[3]

3.Family Meal

Individual relationships have an impact on the family environment. Food accessibility and availability are physical aspects of the home environment, however family meals are the most essential sociocultural backdrop. Mealtimes, by the way, provide a lifelike setting in which parents may manage their children's behaviour, establish norms and expectations, and interact with them. Family meals and social interactions during meals are important events in a child's life for these reasons..[4] There are links between the frequency of family meals and nutrient consumption, food intake, obesity, disturbed/ordered eating practises, and psychosocial impacts in all age groups. Breakfast consumption, family meals, and fast-food consumption all affect dietary quality. Sociodemographic characteristics are also linked to dietary quality and eating habits.[5]

4.Educational Level and Socio Economic Status

Children of moms with a higher level of education consumed more fruits and vegetables and were more likely to have breakfast every day than children of mothers with a lower level of education.

5. Child Eating Behavior

Parents are influenced by their children's actions and characteristics. Parents of preschool children have been observed changing their controlling feeding practises in accordance to their child's weight: they prefer to pressurise lighter, smaller-appetite newborns and restrict larger-appetite infants, particularly if they are bottle-fed. Parents put more pressure on a child who shows little interest in food and are more restrictive with a child who responds well to food. Food as a reward and food restriction for health reasons in 3–5-year-old children may be to blame for a significant intake of food in 5–7-year-old children during times of bad mood.

6.Food Preferances

Parents are influenced by their children's actions and characteristics. Parents of preschool children have been observed changing their controlling feeding practises in accordance to their child's weight: they prefer to pressurise lighter, smaller-appetite newborns and restrict larger-appetite infants, particularly if they are bottle-fed. Parents put more pressure on a child who shows little interest in food and are more restrictive with a child who responds well to food. In 3–5-year-old children, food as a reward and food restriction for health reasons may be to blame for a substantial intake of food during times of poor mood in 5–7-year-old children.

7. Early Feeding Practice

According to a recent study, infants weaned using a baby-led strategy were much more satiety-responsive and less likely to be overweight than those weaned using a typical approach.

8. Media Influences

Adults' subsequent fast-food consumption is linked to their cumulative exposure to food advertising on television, which is higher in lower-income groups. The media environment, particularly advertisements, has been demonstrated to shape food-related information, attitudes, preferences, and practises. There is a direct causal link between food product advertising and children's diets, manifesting as an increase in snack food consumption and overall calories, as well as a decrease in fruit and vegetable consumption.

1. We should always provide a range of foods on a daily basis.
2. To promote excellent health, encourage everyone in the household to eat healthy foods.
3. The child must decide if they are satisfied or hungry.
4. Snack on healthful foods in between meals.
5. Children should be included in the food preparation.
6. Encourage everyone to drink water instead of sugary drinks.
7. Make healthy eating activities enjoyable, interactive, and hands-on.
8. Use clear, simple language that is easy to understand.
9. At mealtimes, encourage the kids to try new meals.
10. Make sure the food you're serving is nutritionally sound.
11. Always refer to the Food Guide Pyramid for guidance.
12. Consume a wide variety of cereals, particularly whole grains.
13. Eat a wide range of fruits and vegetables.
14. Consumption of fat, particularly saturated fat, should be reduced.
15.Sweets and soft drinks should be reserved for exceptional occasions.

1. Russell, C. G., & Worsley, A. (2008). A population-based study of preschoolers’ food neophobia and its associations with food preferences. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 40(1), 11-19. 2. Rollins, B. Y., Loken, E., Savage, J. S., & Birch, L. L. (2014). Effects of restriction on children’s intake differ by child temperament, food reinforcement, and parent’s chronic use of restriction. Appetite, 73, 31-39. 3. Sullivan, S. A., & Birch, L. L. (1990). Pass the sugar, pass the salt: Experience dictates preference. Developmental psychology, 26(4), 546. 4. Carruth, B. R., Ziegler, P. J., Gordon, A., & Barr, S. I. (2004). Prevalence of picky eaters among infants and toddlers and their caregivers’ decisions about offering a new food. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 104, 57-64. 5. Fox, M. K., Pac, S., Devaney, B., & Jankowski, L. (2004). Feeding infants and toddlers study: what foods are infants and toddlers eating?. Journal of the american dietetic association, 104, 22-30. 6. Nicklas, T. A., Baranowski, T., Cullen, K. W., & Berenson, G. (2001). Eating patterns, dietary quality and obesity. Journal of the American college of nutrition, 20(6), 599-608. 7. Fisher, J. O., Mitchell, D. C., Smiciklas-Wright, H., Mannino, M. L., & Birch, L. L. (2004). Meeting calcium recommendations during middle childhood reflects mother-daughter beverage choices and predicts bone mineral status. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 79(4), 698-706. 8. Nisbett, R. E. (1968). Determinants of food intake in obesity. Science, 159(3820), 1254-1255. 9. Niermann, C. Y., Kremers, S. P., Renner, B., & Woll, A. (2015). Family health climate and adolescents’ physical activity and healthy eating: a cross-sectional study with mother-father-adolescent triads. PLoS One, 10(11), e0143599. 10. Niermann, C., Krapf, F., Renner, B., Reiner, M., & Woll, A. (2014). Family health climate scale (FHC-scale): development and validation. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11(1), 1-14. 11. Mosli, R. H., Miller, A. L., Peterson, K. E., & Lumeng, J. C. (2016). Sibling feeding behavior: Mothers as role models during mealtimes. Appetite, 96, 617-620. 12. Thullen, M., Majee, W., & Davis, A. N. (2016). Co-parenting and feeding in early childhood: Reflections of parent dyads on how they manage the developmental stages of feeding over the first three years. Appetite, 105, 334-343. 13. Le Heuzey, M. F., & Turberg-Romain, C. (2015). Nutri-bébé 2013 Study Part 3. Nutri-Bébé Survey 2013: 3/Behaviour of mothers and young children during feeding. Archives de Pédiatrie, 22(10), 10S20-10S29.

1. Niermann, C. Y., Kremers, S. P., Renner, B., & Woll, A. (2015). Family health climate and adolescents’ physical activity and healthy eating: a cross-sectional study with mother-father-adolescent triads. PLoS One, 10(11), e0143599.
2. Niermann, C., Krapf, F., Renner, B., Reiner, M., & Woll, A. (2014). Family health climate scale (FHC-scale): development and validation. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11(1), 1-14.
3. Mosli, R. H., Miller, A. L., Peterson, K. E., & Lumeng, J. C. (2016). Sibling feeding behavior: Mothers as role models during mealtimes. Appetite, 96, 617-620.
4. Thullen, M., Majee, W., & Davis, A. N. (2016). Co-parenting and feeding in early childhood: Reflections of parent dyads on how they manage the developmental stages of feeding over the first three years. Appetite, 105, 334-343.
5. Le Heuzey, M. F., & Turberg-Romain, C. (2015). Nutri-bébé 2013 Study Part 3. Nutri-Bébé Survey 2013: 3/Behaviour of mothers and young children during feeding. Archives de Pédiatrie, 22(10), 10S20-10S29.